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Nome: -1_hair_white_iron_middle
Quantidade de documentos: 3443
Copious (laetus, lit. "happy"), from amplitude (latitudo). 'Rich in lands' (locuples), as if the term were 'full of estate property' (locis plenus) and the owner of many properties, as Cicero teaches in the Second Book of his Republic (16): "And with a great production of sheep and cattle, because then their business was in livestock and the possession of places (locus), for which reason they were called wealthy (pecuniosus) and 'rich in lands' (locuples)."
Cimolia is white Cretan earth, named after the Italian island Cimea; one kind softens the precious colors of clothing and brightens cloth that has been darkened by sulfur, and another kind gives brightness to gemstones. 'Silver' Cretan earth (Creta argentaria, "silversmith's whiting"), actually white, is so named because it restores the luster of silver.
Finally, physicians and those who write about the physiology of the human body, especially Galen in his book titled W?pot? inquo, say that the bodies of children, youths, and men and women of mature age burn with an innate heat, and that for these ages foods that increase heat are noxious, and that to take whatever things are cold for eating conduces to good health.
Nome: 0_founded_river_ocean_south
Quantidade de documentos: 972
It lies in a third sector of the globe, bounded in the east by the rising sun, in the south by the Ocean, in the west by the Mediterranean, in the north by Lake Moeotis (i.e. the Sea of Azov) and the river Tanais (i.e. the Don).
The third of the globe that is called Europe (Europa) begins with the river Tanais (i.e. the Don), passing to the west along the northern Ocean as far as the border of Spain, and its eastern and southern parts rise from the Pontus (i.e. the Black Sea) and are bordered the whole way by the Mediterranean and end in the islands of Gades (i.e. Cadiz).
Achaea was built by Achaeus; Pelops, who ruled among the Argives, founded the city of Peloponnensis; Cecrops built Rhodes on the island of Rhodes; Carpathus built Cos; Aeos, son of Typhon, built Paphos; Angeus, son of Lycurgus, built Samos; Dardanus founded Dardania.
Nome: 1_greek word_greek term_named greek_greek called
Quantidade de documentos: 302
The hand with outstretched fingers is called palm (palma); when they are clenched, it is called fist (pugnus). 'Fist' is derived from 'handful' (pugillus), just as 'palm' is derived from the extended branches of the palm tree (palma).
Thus 9sotç means "positing," and the term has combined a Greek with a Latin word, for the element 9?ç means "deposit" in Greek, and Latin supplies aurum ("gold"), so that the word thesaurus sounds like the combination 'gold deposit.'
A case (teca, i.e. theca), so named because it covers (tegere) whatever is held in it, with the letter c put for g. Others claim that theca is from a Greek word (cf. 9?m?, "chest"), because something is stored there - whence a storage place for books is called a bibliotheca.
Nome: 2_ignarus_impious_sine_formosus
Quantidade de documentos: 288
Antiphrasis (antiphrasis) is a term to be understood from its opposite, as 'grove' (lucus) because it lacks light (lux, gen. lucis), due to the excessive shade of the forest; and 'ghosts' (manes, from old Latin mani, "benevolent ones"), that is, 'mild ones' - although they are actually pitiless - and 'moderate ones' - although they are terrifying and savage (immanes); and the Parcae and Eumenides (lit. in Greek "the gracious ones"), that is, the Furies, because they spare (parcere) and are gracious to no one.
However, 'lacking experience' (expers), one who is without 'practical knowledge' (peritia) and understanding. 'Decked out' (exornatus), "very ornate (ornatus)," for the prefix exmeans "very," as in 'noble' (excelsus), as if 'very lofty (celsus),' and 'excellent' (eximius), as if 'very prominent (eminens).'
Fearful (formidolosus), so called from formum ("warm thing"), that is, blood, because, when fleeing from the skin and the heart, the blood contracts - for fear congeals the blood, which when concentrated produces terror (formido), whence is the verse (Vergil, Aen. 3.30): And my chilled blood coagulates with terror (formido).
Nome: 3_genesis_lord_said genesis_hebrew
Quantidade de documentos: 278
First Matthew wrote his Gospel in Hebrew characters and words in Judea, taking as his starting point for spreading the gospel (evangelizare) the human birth of Christ, saying (1:1): "The book of the generation of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham" - meaning that Christ descended bodily from the seed of the patriarchs, as was foretold in the prophets through the Holy Spirit.
He wrote it to Bishop Theophilus, beginning with a priestly spirit, saying (1:5): "There was in the days of Herod, the king of Judea, a priest, Zechariah" - so that he might show that Christ after his birth in the flesh and his preaching of the Gospel was made a sacrificial victim for the salvation of the world.
For instance (Psalm 98:1 Vulgate), "He that sitteth on the cherubims" is said with reference to position; and (Psalm 103:6 Vulgate) "The deep like a garment is its clothing," referring to vesture; and (Psalm 101:28 Vulgate) "Thy years shall not fail," which pertains to time; and (Psalm 138:8 Vulgate) "If I ascend into heaven, thou art there," referring to place.
Nome: 4_linen_cloth_cloak_wear
Quantidade de documentos: 234
Hair (capilli) is so called as if it came from 'strands belonging to the head' (capitis pilus), made so as both to be an ornament, and to protect the head against the cold and defend it from the sun. 'Strands of hair' (pilus) are so called after the skin (pellis) from which they grow, just as the pestle (pilo, i.e. pilum) is so called froma mortar (pila), where pigment is ground.
The spine (spina, also meaning "thorn") is the backbone (iunctura dorsi, "linkage of the back"), so called because it has sharp spurs; its joints are called vertebrae (spondilium) on account of the part of the brain (i.e. the spinal cord) that is carried through them via a long duct to the other parts of the body.
The redimiculum is what we call an apron or a bracile, because it comes down from the nape and is divided on either side of the neck, passing under each armpit and tying around below from either side, in such a way that it pulls in the breadth of the garment as it clothes the body, drawing it together and arranging it by means of its fastening (cf.
Nome: 5_spirit_holy spirit_holy_trinity
Quantidade de documentos: 170
The sacramental 'laying onof hands' (manusimpositio) is done to bid the Holy Spirit come, invoked by means of a blessing, for at that time the Paraclete, after the bodies have been cleansed and blessed, willingly descends from the Father and as it were settles on the water of baptism, as if in recognition of its settling on its original seat - for it is read that in the beginning the Holy Spirit moved over the waters (Genesis 1.2).
But for the Father and Son and Holy Spirit, because of their one and equal divinity, the name is observed to be not 'gods' but 'God,' as the Apostle says (I Corinthians 8:6): "Yet to us there is but one God," or as we hear from the divine voice (Mark 12:29, etc.), "Hear, O Israel: the Lord thy God is one God," namely inasmuch as he is both the Trinity and the one Lord God.
For the font (fons) in springshrines is the place of the reborn, in which seven steps are made in the mystery of the Holy Spirit; there are three going down and three coming up: the seventh is the fourth step (i.e. the bottom of the waist-deep baptismal font), and that is like the Son of Man, the extinguisher of the furnace of fire, the sure place for the feet, the foundation of the water, in which the fullness of divinity dwells bodily.
Nome: 6_winds_salt_clouds_thunder
Quantidade de documentos: 164
For when it is stirred, it makes winds; when more vehemently agitated, it makes lightning and thunder; when compressed, clouds; when condensed, rain; when it has frozen clouds, snow; when denser clouds freeze with more turbulence, hail; when it expands, bright weather.
Sometimes this shakes everything so violently that it seems to have split the sky, because, when a blast of very violent wind suddenly throws itself into clouds, with an increasingly powerful whirlwind seeking an exit, with a great crash it tears through the cloud, which it has hollowed out, and thus thunder is carried to the ears with a horrendous din.
The reason why the sea has no increase in its size, even though it receives all the rivers and springs, is partly because its own huge size is not affected by the waters flowing in; then again, it is because the bitter water consumes the fresh water flowing in; or because the clouds themselves draw up and absorb a great deal of water; or because the winds carry away part of the sea, and the sun dries up part; finally, because it is percolated through certain hidden openings in the earth, and runs back again to the source of springs and fountains.
Nome: 7_bird_bird named_owl_pigs
Quantidade de documentos: 143
5. Based on a similarity to land animals, such as 'frogs' (i.e. "frog-fish," and so for the rest) and 'calves' and 'lions' and 'blackbirds' and 'peacocks,' colored with various hues on the neck and back, and 'thrushes,' mottled with white, and other fish that took for themselves the names of land animals according to their appearance.
Pliny (Natural History 32.142) says there are 144 names for all the animals living in the waters, divided into these kinds: whales, snakes common to land and water, crabs, shellfish, lobsters, mussels, octopuses, sole, Spanish mackerel (lacertus), squid, and the like.
Many bird names are evidently constructed from the sound of their calls, such as the crane (grus), the crow (corvus), the swan (cygnus), the peacock (pavo), the kite (milvus), the screech owl (ulula), the cuckoo (cuculus), the jackdaw (graculus), et cetera.
Nome: 8_prae_money_praeda_booty praeda
Quantidade de documentos: 120
32. 'Publican' (publicanus) is the title for the farmers of the taxes of the public treasury, or of public (publicus) affairs, or for those who exact the public taxes, or for those who chase profits through the business of the world - hence their name.
223. 'False accuser' (praevaricator), an advocate in bad faith, one who either neglects things that will be harmful when he prosecutes, or neglects things that will be profitable when he defends, or presents the case ineptly or doubtfully, having been corrupted by bribes.
Others, as mentioned above, named money after livestock, just as beasts of burden (iumentum) are named after 'helping' (iuvare), for among the ancients every inheritance was called peculium from the livestock (pecus) of which their entire property consisted.
Nome: 9_moon_sun_shadow_month
Quantidade de documentos: 118
Night occurs either because the sun is wearied from its long journey, and when it has passed over to the last stretch of the sky, grows weak and breathes its last fires as it dwindles away, or because the sun is driven under the earth by the same force by which it carries its light over the earth, so that the shadow of the earth makes night.
Thus spring is linked to the east (oriens), because at that time everything springs (oriri) from the earth; summer to the south, because that part is more flaming with heat; winter to the north, because it is numb with cold and continual frost; fall to the west, because it brings serious diseases, whence also at that time all the leaves of the trees fall.
The neomenia we call kalends (i.e. the first day of the month), but this is the Hebrew usage, because their months (mensis) are computed according to the lunar course, and in Greek the moon is called µ?v?, hence neomenia, that is, the new moon.
Nome: 10_smaragdus_color_spots_black
Quantidade de documentos: 112
These colors in particular should be noted: chestnut, golden, ruddy, myrtle-colored, fawn, pale yellow, bright gray, piebald, gray-white, shining-white, flat white, spotted, and black.
No gem or plant possesses greater intensity than the smaragdus; it exceeds green plants and leaves and imbues the reflected air around it with greenness.
As a substitute for that most precious stone, the smaragdus, some people dye glass with skill, andits false greenness deceives the eyes with a certain subtlety, to the point that there is no one who may test it and demonstrate that it is false.
Nome: 11_stars_constellations_star_astrology
Quantidade de documentos: 107
It is natural as long as it investigates the courses of the sun and the moon, or the specific positions of the stars according to the seasons; but it is a superstitious belief that the astrologers (mathematicus) follow when they practice augury by the stars, or when they associate the twelve signs of the zodiac with specific parts of the soul or body, or when they attempt to predict the nativities and characters of people by the motion of the stars.
But some people, enticed by the beauty and clarity of the constellations, have rushed headlong into error with respect to the stars, their minds blinded, so that they attempt to be able to foretell the results of things by means of harmful computations, which is called 'astrology' (mathesis).
The first age has the creation of the world as its beginning, for on the first day God, with the name of 'light,' created the angels; on the second, with the name of the 'firmament,' the heavens; on the third, with the name of 'division,' the appearance of waters and the earth; on the fourth, the luminaries of the sky; on the fifth, the living creatures from the waters; on the sixth, the living creatures from the earth and the human being, whom he called Adam.
Nome: 12_vowels_consonants_vowel_syllable
Quantidade de documentos: 103
In letters, their adjoining should be apt and proper, and thus care must be taken to ensure that the final vowel of the preceding word is not the same as the initial vowel of the following word, as feminae Aegyptiae ("of an Egyptian woman").
4. Climax (climax) is an 'ascending series' (gradatio), when the second notion begins at the point where the first leaves off, and from here as if in steps (gradus) the order of speech is managed, as in the speech of Africanus: "From innocence arises esteem; from esteem, preferment; from preferment, sovereignty; from sovereignty, liberty."
In its entirety, moreover, the word is osianna, which we pronounce as osanna, with the middle vowel degraded and elided just as happens in poetic lines when we scan them, for the initial vowel of a following word excludes the final vowel of the preceding word.
Nome: 13_aqua_water_waters_level
Quantidade de documentos: 100
Hydromancers (hydromantius) are so called from water, for hydromancy is calling up the shades of demons by gazing into water, and watching their images or illusions, and hearing something from them, when they are said to consult the lower beings by use of blood.
Snow (nix) is named from the cloud (nubes) whence it falls, while ice (glacies) is named from 'freezing' (gelu) and 'water' (aqua), as if the word were gelaquies, that is, 'frozen water' (gelata aqua).
Water (aqua) is so named because its surface is 'even' (aequalis), hence it is also called aequor (lit. "level surface," used metaphorically for the sea), because its height is even.
Nome: 14_marble_gold_translucent_stone
Quantidade de documentos: 95
This appeared to be unsuitable, because it soils easily and harms the readers' eyesight - as the more experienced of architects would not think of putting gilt ceiling panels in libraries, or any paving stones other than of Carystean marble, because the glitter of gold wearies the eyes, and the green of the Carystean marble refreshes them.
It also yields ivory and precious stones: beryls, chrysoprase, and diamonds, carbuncles, white marble, and small and large pearls much coveted by women of the nobility.
The reason for this stone's name is from its effect, for when it is thrown into a bronze basin it changes the rays of the sun with a blood-colored reflection (cf. ?2toç, "sun"; tpop?, "change"), but when out of the water it receives sunlight like a mirror, and reveals an eclipse of the sun by showing the advancing moon.
Nome: 15_old testament_ezra_books_testament
Quantidade de documentos: 94
ytoç, "holy"; yp????tv, "write"), in which there are nine books: first Job; second the Psalter; third Masloth, which is the Proverbs of Solomon; fourth Coheleth, which is Ecclesiastes; fifth Sir hassirim, which is the Song of Songs; sixth Daniel; seventh Dibre haiamim, which means 'words of the days' (verba dierum), that is Paralipomenon (i.e. Chronicles); eighth Ezra; ninth Esther.
In the New Testament there are two classes: first the Gospel (evangelicus) class, which contains Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, and second the Apostolic (apostolicus) class which contains Paul in fourteen epistles, Peter in two, John in three, James and Jude in single epistles, the Acts of the Apostles and the Apocalypse (i.e. Revelation) of John.
After the Law (i.e. Torah) was burned by the Chaldeans, the scribe Ezra, inspired with the divine spirit, restored the library of the Old Testament when the Jews had returned to Jerusalem, and he corrected all the scrolls of the Law and Prophets, which had been corrupted by the gentiles, and he ordered the whole Old Testament into twenty-two books, so that there might be as many books in the Law (i.e. the Old Testament) as they had letters of the alphabet.
Nome: 16_fervidus_oar_anulus_ira
Quantidade de documentos: 92
Alarmed (pavidus) is one whom agitation of mind disturbs; such a one has a strong beating of the heart, a moving of the heart - for to quake (pavere) is to beat, whence also the term pavimentum (beaten floor; cf. pavire, "ram down").
Tongs (forceps, plural forcipes), as if the word were ferricipes, because they seize (capere) and hold the whitehot iron (ferrum), or because we seize and hold something forvus with them, as if the word were forvicapes, for forvus means "hot" - whence also the word 'fiery' (fervidus).
The term forfex is treated in accordance with its etymology: if it is so called from 'thread' (filum), the letter f is used, as in tailors' scissors (forfex); if from 'hair' (pilus), the letter p, as in a barbers' tweezers (forpex); if from 'snatching out' (accipere), the letter c, as in blacksmiths' tongs (forceps), because they 'seize the hot thing' (formum capere).
Nome: 17_aen_vergil aen_vergil_says aen
Quantidade de documentos: 89
2. Ennius, speaking of a certain shameless woman, says (Naevius, Comedies 52): Tossing from hand to hand in a ring of players like a ball, she gives herself and makes herself common.
5; cited from Augustine, Christian Doctrine 3.7.11): You, father Neptune, whose white temples, wreathed with crashing brine, resound; to whom the great Ocean flows forth as your eternal beard, and in whose hair rivers wander.
But this term forum means many things: the first kind of forum is the place in a city set aside for market trading; second, where a magistrate will give judgments; third, the one we spoke of above, which we have called the wine-press; fourth, the decks of ships, of which Vergil (Aen. 6.412
Nome: 18_years_40 years_40_20 years
Quantidade de documentos: 88
Gad, Nathan, and Asaph prophesied.] 4204 Solomon, 40 years.
4773 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
4832 Artaxerxes, 40 years.
Nome: 19_pup_burning_rust_flame
Quantidade de documentos: 87
Hoeing is done after the planting, when farmers after unyoking the oxen split the large clods and break them apart with hoes, and it is called hoeing (occatio) as if it were 'blinding' (occaecatio), because it covers the seeds.
But Varro says they are called fireplaces (focus) because they nurture (fovere) the fire, for the fire is the flame itself, and whatever keeps a fire burning is called a fireplace, whether it be an altar or something else on which the fire is kept burning.
A 'cauterizing iron' (cauterium), as if the word were cauturium, because it burns (urere), and a forewarning and severe cautioning (cautio) is branded on the animal so that greed may be restrained when the owner is identified.
Nome: 20_sons_ishmael_descended_ham
Quantidade de documentos: 86
The name Zerubbabel is said to have been composed in Hebrew from three whole words: zo, "that," ro, "master," babel, properly "Babylonian"; and the name is compounded Zorobabel, "that master from Babylon," for he was born in Babylon, where he flourished as prince of the Jewish people.
When the people of God came into Babylon, many of them abandoned their wives and took up with Babylonian women; but some were content with Israelite wives only, or they were born (genitus) from these, and when they returned from Babylon, they separated themselves from the population as a whole and claimed for themselves this boastful name.]
who were transported to that place, when Israel was captive and led off to Babylon, coming to the land of the region of Samaria, kept the customs of the Israelites in part, which they had learned from a priest who had been brought back, and in part they kept the pagan custom that they had possessed in the land of their birth.
Nome: 21_numbers_compared_number_multiplied
Quantidade de documentos: 85
You add together a low and a high number, you divide them, and you find the mean; take, for example, the low and high numbers 6 and 12: when you join them, they make 18; you divide this at its midpoint, and you make 9, which is an arithmetic proportion, in that the mean exceeds the low number by as many units as the mean is exceeded by the high number.
It is quite certain that numbers are 'without limit' (infinitus), since at whatever number you think the limit has been reached, that same number can be increased - not, I say, by the addition of only one, but however large it is, and however huge a number it contains, by reason and by the science of numbers it can be not only doubled, but even further multiplied.
The first cycle of nineteen: Of the moon B. C. ii Ides April xx C. vi Kalends April xvi E. xvi Kalends May xvii C. vi Ides April xx B. C. x Kalends April xv E. ii Ides April xvi C. ii Nones April xix E. viii Kalends May xx B. C. v Ides April xv When this cycle is complete one returns to the beginning.
Nome: 22_purple_dye_shellfish_saffron
Quantidade de documentos: 82
It is called by another name, conchilium (also meaning "a purple dye"), because when it is cut round with a blade, it sheds tears of a purple color, with which things are dyed purple.
People adulterate its sap with oil of the henna tree or honey mixed in, but it can be proved to be unmixed with honey if it coagulates with milk, and unmixed with oil if, when instilled or mixed in with water, it easily dissolves, and further if woolen clothing soiled with it is not stained.
Usta (i.e. a red pigment), which is especially indispensable, is produced with no trouble, for if you heat a clump of good flinty stone in the fire, and quench it with very sour vinegar, a sponge drenched in it produces a purple color.
Nome: 23_india_originates_ethiopia_originates india
Quantidade de documentos: 80
8. 'Puteolan dust' (pulvis Puteolanus, i.e. "pozzolana") is collected in the hills near Puteoli in Italy and is positioned so as to restrain the sea and break the waves.
The magnet (magnes) is a stone of India, named after its discoverer, for it was first found in India, clinging to the nails of his sandals and the point of his staff, when a certain Magnes was grazing his herds.
Rhubarb (reubarbara), or reuponticum, takes these names because the former is gathered across the Danube on barbarian (barbaricus) soil, the latter is gathered around the Pontus (i.e. the Black Sea).
Nome: 24_silex_stone_melted_glass
Quantidade de documentos: 80
Thus glass is heated by pieces of light dry wood, and when copper and natron are added with continuous firing so that the copper is melted, lumps of glass are produced.
Captivated by the splendor of these objects, people picked up these lumps that had been held fast and saw in them the imprints molded from the ground, and from this realized that metals, when melted, could be made into any shape.
Once extinguished it lasts so incorruptibly that the people who fix boundaries spread charcoals below the surface and place stones on top, so as to prove the boundary to a litigant however many generations later, and they recognize a stone fixed in this way to be a boundary.
Nome: 25_lord_azariah_obadiah_tough
Quantidade de documentos: 77
Pharoah called him Zaphanath, which in Hebrew signifies "discoverer of hidden things," because he laid bare the obscure dreams and predicted the blight.
Obadiah, "slave of the Lord," for as Moses was servant of the Lord and the apostle Paul was the slave of Christ, so Obadiah, sent as the "ambassador to the nations" (Obadiah 1:1), comes and preaches what befits his prophetic ministry and servitudehence, "slave of the Lord."
yvota, "ignorance"), because to that perversity from which they arise they add this: that the divinity of Christ is ignorant of the things to come, which are written concerning the last day and hour - they do not recall the person of Christ speaking in Isaiah (cf. 63:4
Nome: 26_grows_rich_fertile_roots
Quantidade de documentos: 76
Indeed, well-suited by their nature, they produce fruit from very precious trees; the ridges of their hills are spontaneously covered with grapevines; instead of weeds, harvest crops and garden herbs are common there.
When you have cast the seeds on the ground first the small plant springs up, and when it is tended it grows into a tree, and within a short time what you had seen as a small plant you gaze up to as a sapling.
6. Crocomagma ('saffron dregs'; cf. magma, "dregs of an unguent") is made when aromatic fluids are pressed out from saffron (crocinus) ointment and the sediment is shaped into little cakes, and therefore it is so called.
Nome: 27_bird_tail_wild beasts_birds
Quantidade de documentos: 75
The Indian bulls are tawny and they are as swift as a bird; their hair is turned backward; with their flexibility they turn their head around as they wish; by the hardness of their skin they repel every dart in their fierce wildness.
This animal does not fly as the locust does, hurrying here and there and leaving half-consumed plants behind it; instead it remains on the fruit, which is doomed to die, and consumes everything with slow gliding and lazy bites.
This bird lives more than five hundred years, and when it sees that it has grown old it constructs a funeral pile for itself of aromatic twigs it has collected, and, turned to the rays of the sun, with a beating of its wings it deliberately kindles a fire for itself, and thus it rises again from its own ashes.
Nome: 28_light_lux_eyelids_light lux
Quantidade de documentos: 73
At the tips of the eyelids, where they touch each other when closed, the hairs growing in an orderly row stand out and serve to protect the eyes, so that they may not easily sustain injury from objects falling into the eye and be hurt, and so as to prevent contact with dust or with some coarser material; by blinking they also soften the impact of the air itself, and thus they cause vision to be precise and clear.
Its function was to show a light for ships sailing at night, in order to make known the channels and the entrance to the port, so that sailors would not be deceived in the darkness and run onto the rocks - for Alexandria has tricky access with deceptive shallows.
Its purpose is to shine a light for the nighttime sailing of ships in order to mark the shallows and the entrances to the harbor, so that sailors might not, misled by darkness, hit the rocks, for Alexandria has tricky entrances with deceptive shoals.
Nome: 29_verb_pronouns_quis_person verb
Quantidade de documentos: 73
passus), as 'I am whipped' (verberor); neutral (neutralis) verbs, because they neither act nor undergo action, as 'Iam lying down' (iaceo), 'Iam sitting' (sedeo)- for if you add the letter r to these, they do not sound Latin.
Thus while we say centum ("hundred") and trecentos ("three hundred"), after that we say quadringentos ("four hundred"), putting G for C. Similarly there is a kinship between C and Q, for we write huiusce ("of this") with C and cuiusque ("of each") with a Q. The preposition cum ("with") should be written with a C, but if it is a conjunction ("while"), then it should be written with a Q, for we say quum lego ("while I speak").
Quod ("that") when it is a pronoun should be written with D, whena numeric term with T (i.e. quot, "as many"), because totidem ("just as many") is written with T. Quotidie ("daily") should be written with Q, not C (i.e. cotidie), since it is quot diebus ("on as many days").
Nome: 30_gignere ppl_gignere_gens_familia
Quantidade de documentos: 72
In another manner, just as matron (matrona) is a name for the mother of a first child, that is, as though the term were the mater nati ("mother of one born"), so the 'materfamilias' is the woman who has borne several children - for a family (familia) comes into existence from two people.
But 'husband' (maritus) without an additional term means a man who is married. 'Husband' comes from 'masculine' (mas, adjective) as if the word were mas (i.e. "male," noun), for the noun is the primary form, and it has masculus as a diminutive form; maritus is derived from this.
There is a difference between a matron and a mother, and between a mother and a materfamilias; for a woman is called a 'matron' because she has entered in matrimony; a 'mother' because she has borne children; and 'materfamilias' because through certain procedures of law she has passed over into the household (familia) of her husband.
Nome: 31_conjunctions_conjunctions called_conjugal_coniungere
Quantidade de documentos: 71
. Letters are either common or liberal. 'Common (communis) letters' are so called because many people employ them for common use, in order to write and to read. 'Liberal (liberalis) letters' are so called because only those who write books (liber), and who know how to speak and compose correctly, know them.
However, conjugal partners are more truly so called from the initial pledge of their betrothal, even though conjugal relations are still unknown to them, as Mary is called the 'conjugal partner' of Joseph, but between them there neither was nor would be any commingling of the flesh.
Concordant (concors) is so called from 'joining of the heart' (coniunctio cordis), for as one who shares one's lot (sors) is called a 'partner' (consors), so one who is joined in heart (cor) is called concors.
Nome: 32_arcus_secare_touch_hunting
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An office (officium) is so called from performing (efficere), as if it were efficium, with one letter in the word changed for the sake of euphony, or rather that each person should do those things that interfere (officere) with nobody but are of benefit to all.
An allectus (i.e. a public official), because such a one is publicly elected (electus). 'Driven from office' (abactus), because one is removed from 'from public employment' (ab actus).
Thus, what is to be seen is captured by the eyes, what is to be heard, by the ears; soft and hard things are judged by the sense of touch, flavor by the sense of taste, while smell is drawn in through the nostrils.
Nome: 33_calamus_caulis_vine_vitis
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Hence Varro (i.e. Varro Atacinus, not Marcus Terentius Varro) says (fr. 20): The Indian reed does not grow into a great tree; its sap is squeezed from its supple roots, and no sweet honey can vie with its juice.
*µp?2oç µs2atva (i.e. black bryony), that is 'black vine' (vitis nigra), is also called 'wild vine' (labrusca); its leaves are like ivy's, and it is larger than white vine in every respect, with similar berries that grow black as they ripen, whence it took its name.
The 'turnip cabbage' (napocaulis) has a name composed of the names of two vegetables, because while in taste it resembles the navew (napus), it grows up not as a root vegetable but as a stalk in the manner of cabbage (caulis).
Nome: 34_urbs_vicus_civitas_buildings
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There is this difference between a tenant and a 'resident alien' (advena): tenants are people who emigrate, and do not remain permanently, whereas we speak of resident aliens or immigrants (incola) as coming from abroad but settling permanently - hence the term incola, for those who are now inhabitants, from the word 'reside' (incolere).
Some have said the word 'town' (oppidum) is from the 'opposing' (oppositio) of its walls; others, from its hoarding of wealth (ops), due to which it is fortified; others, because the community of those living in it gives mutual support (ops) against an enemy.
. Further, cities (civitas) are called 'colonial towns' (colonia), or 'free towns' (municipium), or hamlets, fortresses, or country villages.
Nome: 35_letter_aspiration_letters_signs
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Salvius, the schoolmaster, first added the letter K to Latin, so as to make a distinction in sound between the two letters C and Q. This letter is called superfluous because, with the exception of the word 'Kalends,' it is considered unnecessary; we express all such sounds by means of C.
The letter X did not exist in Latin until the time of Augustus, [and it was fitting for it to come into existence at that time, in which the name of Christ became known, which is written using the letter which makes the sign of the cross], but they used to write CS in its place, whence X is called a double letter, because it is used for CS, so that it takes its name from the composition of these same letters.
There are also other small marks (i.e. signes de renvoi) made in books for drawing attention to things that are explained at the edges of the pages, so that when the reader finds a sign of this type in the margin he may know that it is an explanation of the same word or line that he finds with a similar mark lying above it when he turns back to the text.
Nome: 36_measure_meters_meters named_ounces
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Meters (metrum) are so called because they are bounded by the fixed measures (mensura) and intervals of feet, and they do not proceed beyond the designated dimension of time - for measure is called µstpov in Greek.
. 'Quantity' is the measure by which something is shown to be large or small, as 'long,' 'short.' 'Quality' expresses 'of what sort' (qualis) a person may be, as 'orator' or 'peasant,' 'black' or 'white.' 'Relation' is what is 'related' (referre, ppl.
But strictly speaking a measure (mensura) is so named because with it fruits and grains are measured (metiri) - that is, by wet measures and dry ones, such as the modius (i.e. a Roman measure of corn), [the artaba (i.e. an Egyptian measure)], the urn, and the amphora.
Nome: 37_snake_snakes_poison_asp
Quantidade de documentos: 67
The tracks left by snakes are such that, although they are seen to lack feet, they nevertheless crawl on their ribs with forward thrusts of their scales, which are spread evenly from the highest part of the neck to the lowest part of the belly.
Hence if a snake is crushed by some blow to any part of the body, from the belly to the head, it is unable to make its way, having been crippled, because wherever the blow strikes it breaks the spine, which activates the 'feet' of the ribs and the motion of the body.
Mixed with food it also resists poison, for radishes, nuts, lupines, citron, and celery are good against poison, but against poison taken afterwards, not against poison already ingested.
Nome: 38_fruit_malum_apples_matian
Quantidade de documentos: 67
The apple-tree (malum) is so called by the Greeks because its fruit is the roundest of all fruits (cf. µ?2ov, "apple, any fleshy tree-fruit," hence "round thing"); whence also those are true apples that are strikingly round.
The quince (malum Cydonium) takes its name from a town on the island of Crete - in this regard, the Greeks would call Cydonia the mother of the Cretan cities - and from this fruit cydonitum (i.e. a preserve or medicinal ointment of quince) is made.
The cherry (cerasus) is named from the city Cerasum in Pontus (i.e. the Black Sea), for when Lucullus destroyed the Pontic city Cerasum he imported this kind of fruit from there and named it cerasium from the city's name.
Nome: 39_immutable_eternal_antichrist_incorruptible
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Certain other names are also said for God substantively, as immortal, incorruptible, immutable, eternal.
And these four terms signify one thing, for one and the same thing is meant, whether God is called eternal or immortal or incorruptible or immutable.
Indeed, no other dared with such bold voice to provoke God to a debate about justice, as to why such great iniquity is involved in human affairs and in the affairs of this world.
Nome: 40_gourd_cucurbita_gourd cucurbita_curling iron
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A 'cupping glass' (guva), which is called a 'gourd' (cucurbita) by Latin speakers for its resemblance to one, is also called ventosa (lit. "wind-like") from its hiss.
Curly-haired (calamistratus), from the 'curling iron' (calamister), that is, the iron pin made in the shape of a reed (calamus), on which hair is twisted to make it curly.
Cucumbers (cucumis, gen. cucumeris) are so called because they are sometimes bitter (amarus); they are thought to grow sweet if their seeds are steeped in honeyed milk.
Nome: 41_proportion_triple_shorts_fig
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There are, therefore, ten feet with equal proportion, six with duple proportion, one with triple proportion, seven with sescuple proportion, and four with epitrite proportion.
Geometry is divided into four parts: planes (planus), numeric size (magnitudo numerabilis), rational size (magnitudo rationalis), and solid figures (figura solida).
Again, according to another account, there are eight differentiae, namely, the constellation (signum), its parts (pars), its boundaries (finis), by the way it is assembled (conventus), by its retrograde or straight paths, its latitude, and its longitude.
Nome: 42_eggs_flock_serpents_male
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Some are simple, like the dove, and others clever, like the partridge; some allow themselves to be handled, like the falcon, while others are fearful, like the garamas; some enjoy the company of humans, like the swallow, while others prefer a secluded life in deserted places, like the turtledove; some feed only on the seeds they find, like the goose, while others eat meat and are eager for prey, like the kite; some are indigenous and always stay in the same location, like [
the sparrow], while others are migratory and return at certain seasons, like the stork and the swallow; some are gregarious, that is, they fly in a flock, like the starling and the quail, while others are loners, that is, they are solitary, on account of the strategies of hunting, like the eagle, the hawk, and others of this type.
These animals, skilful at the task of creating honey, live in allocated dwellings; they construct their homes with indescribable skill; they make their honeycombs from various flowers; they build wax cells, and replenish their fortress with innumerable offspring; they have armies and kings; they wage battle; they flee smoke; they are annoyed by disturbance.
Nome: 43_philosophy_philosophy called_logic_treat
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2. Knowledge obtains when some thing is perceived by sure reasoning; opinion, however, when an unsure thing still lies concealed and is grasped by no solid reasoning - for instance whether the sun is as large as it seems to be or is larger than the whole earth, or whether the moon is spherical or concave, or whether the stars are stuck to the sky or are carried through the air in a free course, or of what size and what material the heavens themselves may be, whether they are at rest and immobile or are whirling at unbelievable speed, or how thick the earth is, or on what foundation it endures balanced and suspended.
There are three kinds of philosophy: one natural (naturalis), which in Greek is 'physics' (physica), in which one discusses the investigation of nature; a second moral (moralis), which is called 'ethics' (ethica) in Greek, in which moral behavior is treated; a third rational (rationalis), which is named with the Greek term 'logic' (logica), in which there is disputation concerning how in the causes of things and in moral behavior the truth itself may be investigated.
The treatment of diseases falls into three types: pharmaceutics (pharmacia), which Latin speakers call medication (medicamen); surgery (chirurgia), which Latin speakers call 'work of the hands' (manuum operatio) - for 'hand' is called y?(c)p by the Greeks (cf. also spyov, "work"); and regimen (diaeta), which Latin speakers call rule (regula), that is, the careful observance of a regulated way of life.
Nome: 44_vis_man vir_vir_force vis
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Wives (uxor) are so called as though the word were unxior, for there was an ancient custom that, as soon as newlyweds would come to their husbands' threshold, before they entered they would decorate the door posts with woolen fillets and anoint (unguere, perfect unxi) them with oil.
She who is nowadays called a woman (femina) in ancient times was called vira; just as 'female slave' (serva) was derived from 'male slave' (servus) and 'female servant' (famula) from 'male servant' (famulus), so also woman (vira) from man (vir).
The wether (vervex) is either named from 'force' (vis, gen. viris), because it is stronger than the other sheep, or because it is male (vir), that is, masculine; or because it has a worm (vermis) in its head - irritated by the itching of these worms they butt against each other and strike with great force when they fight.
Nome: 45_breasts_intestines_nourishment_mamilla
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The protruding, fleshy parts of the chest are called the breasts (mamilla), and between them the bony part is the pectus, and what is to its right and left are the ribs (costa).
It becomes what it is through a transformation of blood, for after birth, if any blood is not consumed as nourishment in the womb, it flows along a natural passageway to the breasts and, whitened due to their special property, it takes on the quality of milk.
The intestines (intestina; cf. intestinus, "inward") are so called because they are confined in the interior (interior) part of the body; they are arranged in long coils like circles, so that they may digest the food they take in little by little, and not be obstructed by added food.
Nome: 46_easter_sabbath_easter day_celebrated
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The holy Fathers prohibited this celebration at the Nicene synod, legislating that one should seek out not only the paschal moon and month, but also should observe the day of the Lord's resurrection; and because of this they extended the paschal season from the fourteenth day of the moon to the twenty-first day, so that Sunday would not be passed over.
Indeed, that Easter Day is celebrated on a day of the third week - that is on a day that falls from the fourteenth to the twentyfirst - signifies that in the whole time of the world, which is accomplished in seven periods of days, this holy event has now opened up the third age.
The Latin Church locates the moon of the first month (i.e. of the Roman calendar's year) from March 5 through April 3, and if the fifteenth day of the new moon should fall on a Sunday, Easter Day is moved forward to the next Sunday.
Nome: 47_rooftiles_sling_tolus_bricks
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2. 'Penitentiary workhouses' (ergastulum) are also named from the same Greek word; there offenders are assigned to do some kind of work, of the kind that gladiators would usually be assigned, and banished people, who cut marble but are still bound in custody by chains.
Architraves (epistolium, i.e. epistylium) are the beams placed above the capitals of columns, and the word is Greek, [that is, 'placed above.'] Roof-tiles (tegulae), because they cover (tegere) buildings; and 'curved roof-tiles' (imbrex), because they fend off the rain (imber).
A shed (tugurium) is a little house that vineyard-keepers make for themselves as a covering (tegimen), as if the word were tegurium, either for avoiding the heat of the sun and deflecting its rays, or so that from there the keeper may drive away either the people or the animals that would lie in wait for the immature fruit.
Nome: 48_m2ov_greeks wood_cluster_bitterness amaritudo
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18. 'Shekel' (sicel), which has been corrupted to siclus in Latin, is a Hebrew term, and among the Hebrews it has the weight of an ounce, but for Greek and Latin speakers it is one quarter of an ounce, and half a stater, weighing two drachmas.
This last prefix lends its meaning because when it is struck with iron claws the bark of the wood exudes a sap of excellent scent through its cavities - for in Greek a cavity is called òp?.
Celtic spikenard takes its name from a territory in Gaul, yet it grows more abundantly in the Ligurian Alps as well as in Syria; it is a small bush whose roots are gathered into handfuls with cords.
Nome: 49_arithmetic_instruments_geometry_music
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The second division is organicus, and it is produced by those instruments that, when they are filled with the breath that is blown into them, are animated with the sound of a voice, like trumpets, reed pipes, pipes, organs, pandoria, and instruments similar to these.
Different types of cithara belong to this division, and also drums, cymbals, rattles, and bronze and silver vessels, and others that when struck produce a sweet ringing sound from the hardness of their metal, as well as other instruments of this sort.
It has a characteristic shared with the foreign cithara, being in the shape of the letter delta; but there is this difference between the psaltery and the cithara, that the psaltery has the hollowed wooden box from which the sound resonates on its top side, so that the strings are struck from underneath and resonate from above, but the cithara has its wooden sound-box on the bottom.
Nome: 50_bronze_cadmia_metals_furnaces
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The idea of forming metals in molds came about in this way, when by some chance a forest fire scorched the earth, which poured out streams of melted ore in some form.
Bronze 'bloom' is made or originates in the casting process, when bronze is remelted and reliquefied, and cold water is poured on top, for the 'bloom' is produced from a sudden condensation, as from spittle.
Bronze also generates verdigris: when shreds of sheet bronze are placed over a vessel of very sharp vinegar so that they start dripping, what falls from this into the vinegar is pulverized and passed through a sieve.
Nome: 51_ship_mast_sail_rope
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Some people maintain that a ship (navis) is so named because it needs a vigorous (navus) guide, that is, experienced, wise, and energetic - someone who knows how to control and take charge in the face of maritime dangers and accidents.
It is called a mast (malus) because it has the shape of an apple (malum) at the top, or because it is circled by certain wooden handles (malleolus), as it were, by whose revolution the sail is raised more easily.
'Wagon-maker' (carpentarius) is a specialized term, for he only makes wagons (carpentum), just as a shipbuilder (navicularius) is a builder and constructer of ships (navis) only.
Nome: 52_horses_chariots_horsemen_foot soldiers
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Thus armed young men selected for their agility would ride seated behind mounted soldiers, and as soon as they encountered the enemy they would leap from the horses and now as foot soldiers would persistently harass the enemy while the mounted men who brought them would attack on the other side.
Among the animals those born of differing species are called hybrids (bigener), such as the mule from a mare and an ass, the hinny (burdo) froma stallion and a jenny, the hybrida from wild boars and domestic sows, the tityrus from a ewe and a he-goat, and the musmo from a she-goat and a ram.
3. Furthermore, they say that chariots race on wheels (rota) either because the world whirls by with the speed of its circle, or because of the sun, which wheels (rotare) in a circular orbit, as Ennius says (Annals 558): Thence the shining wheel (rota) cleared the sky with its rays.
Nome: 53_pagans_gods_saturn_spindle
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Hence the pagans took the names of the days from these seven stars because they thought that they were affected by these stars in some matters, saying that they received their spirit from the sun, their body from the moon, their intelligence and speech from Mercury, their pleasure from Venus, their blood from Mars, their disposition from Jupiter, and their bodily humors from Saturn.
Prudentius also spoke thus about Mercury (Against the Oration of Symmachus 1.90): It is told that he recalled perished souls to the light by the power of a wand that he held, but condemned others to death, and a little later he adds, For with a magic murmur you know how to summon faint shapes and enchant sepulchral ashes.
Pagans imagine that there are three Fates - with the distaff, with the spindle, and with fingers spinning a thread from the wool - on account of the three tenses: the past, which is already spun and wound onto the spindle; the present, which is drawn between the fingers of the spinner; and the future, in the wool which is twisted onto the distaff, and which is yet to be drawn through the fingers of the spinner to the spindle, just as the present is yet to be drawn over to the past.
Nome: 54_lungs_choking_2yov_accompanied
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124. 'Lung' (pulmo) is a word derived from Greek, for the Greeks call the lung p2?áµYv, because it is a fan (flabellum) for the heart, in which the pv?uµa, that is, the breath, resides, through which the lungs are both put in motion and kept in motion - from this also the lungs are so named.
It was formerly called ador from 'eating' (edere), because it was what people first used, or because in a sacrifice bread of that kind was offered 'at altars' (ad aras) - whence furthermore sacrifices are called adorea (i.e. an honorary gift of grain).
5. 'Sumptuous meals' (epulae) are so called from the opulence (opulentia) of things. 'Ordinary meals' (epulae simplices) are divided into two necessary elements, bread and wine, and two categories beyond these, namely, what people seek out for eating from the land and from the sea.
Nome: 55_sword_materia_framea_weapon
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"mÛv, "image") is an image (imago), when we attempt to explain the shape of a thing from a similar kind as (Vergil, Aen. 4.558): Similar to Mercury in all respects: in voice and color and blonde hair and graceful youthful limbs.
A semispathium is a sword named for its length of half a spatha and not, as the ignorant masses say, from 'without a space of time' (sine spatio), seeing that it is swifter than an arrow.
The general term 'craftsman' (artifex) is so given because he practices (facere) an art (ars, gen. artis), just as a goldsmith (aurifex) is someone who works (facere) gold (aurum), for the ancients used to say faxere instead of facere.
Nome: 56_sacraments_temples_sanctus_sacrament
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These things are called sacraments (sacramentum) for this reason, that under the covering of corporeal things the divine virtue very secretly brings about the saving power of those same sacraments - whence from their secret (secretus) or holy (sacer) power they are called sacraments.
Satirists (saturicus) are so called either because they are filled with all eloquence, or from fullness (saturitas) and abundance - for they speak about many things at the same time - or from the platter (i.e. satura) with various kinds of fruit and produce that people used to offer at the temples of the pagans, or the name is taken from 'satyr plays' (satyrus), which contain things that are said in drunkenness, and go unpunished.
The sacrarium is properly the place in a temple where holy things (sacrum) are put away; similarly the 'temple treasurechamber' (donarium), where offerings are gathered; similarly the 'rows of seating' (lectisternium) where people are accustomed to sit.
Nome: 57_circus_wheel_currus_wheels
Quantidade de documentos: 52
The Romans suppose that the Circus (Circus) was named for the circling (circuitus) of horses, because there horses run around (circum) the turning-posts.
The circus (circensis) games are so called either from 'going in a circle' (circumire), or because, where the turning-posts are now, formerly swords were set up which the chariots would go around - and hence they were called circenses games after the 'swords around' (ensis + circa) which they would run.
The word 'band' (corona, i.e. "a circle of people") is so named for this reason, because in the beginning people would run (currere) around altars, so that a crown was both formed and named according to the image of a circling or a 'group of dancers' (chorus).
Nome: 58_plautus_fables_tragedians_thanks
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As Xerxes, king of the Persians, crossed into Thrace, and the Spartan maidens, in fear of the enemy, neither left the city nor performed the solemn procession and rustic dance of Diana according to custom, a crowd of shepherds celebrated this with artless songs, lest the religious observance should pass unmarked.
This is surely the saying of one who is showing that after the Fall of the bad angels those who were steadfast strove for the firmness (firmitas) of eternal perseverance; diverted by no lapse, falling in no pride, but firmly (firmiter) holding steady in the love and contemplation of God, they consider nothing sweet except him by whom they were created.
Whence poets (poeta) are so called, thus says Tranquillus (i.e. Suetonius, On Poets 2) "When people first began to possess a rational way of life, having shaken off their wildness, and to come to know themselves and their gods, they devised for themselves a humble culture and the speech required for their ideas, and devised a greater expression of both for the worship of their gods.
Nome: 59_bishops_sacerdos_presbyter_clerics
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The Greek term 'exorcism' (exorcismus) is 'conjuration' (coniuratio) in Latin, or a 'speech of rebuke' directed against the devil, that he should depart, as in this passage in Zechariah (3:1-2): "And the Lord showed me Jesus the high priest standing before the angel of the Lord: and Satan stood on his right hand to be his adversary.
Elders (presbyter) are also called priests (sacerdos), because they perform the sacraments (sacrum dare), as do bishops; but although they are priests (sacerdos) they do not have the highest honor of the pontificate, for they neither mark the brow with chrism nor give the Spirit, the Comforter, which a reading of the Acts of the Apostles shows may be done by bishops only.
1. 'Church' (ecclesia) is a Greek word that is translated into Latin as "convocation" (convocatio), because it calls (vocare) everyone to itself. 'Catholic' (catholicus) is translated as "universal" (universalis), after the term ma9' o2ov, that is, 'with respect to the whole,' for it is not restricted to some part of a territory, like a small association of heretics, but is spread widely throughout the entire world.
Nome: 60_says cf_cento_poet_ship ship
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): Nos te Dardania incensa tuaque arma secuti, nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor (We followed you and your troops from burning Dardania, we traversed the swollen sea in a fleet under your command).
The grammarians are accustomed to call those poems 'centos' (cento) which piece together their own particular work in a patchwork (centonarius) manner from poems of Homer and Vergil, making a single poem out of many scattered passages previously composed, based on the possibilities offered by each source.
In fact, Proba, wife of Adelphus, copied a very full cento from Vergil on the creation of the world and the Gospels (i.e. Cento Probae), with its subject matter composed in accordance with Vergil's verses, and the verses fitted together in accordance with her subject matter.
Nome: 61_paternal_son daughter_uncle_maternal
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The sister of my father is my paternal aunt (amita), and I am the son or daughter of her brother.
The grandmother (avia) of my paternal aunt is my great-greatpaternal aunt (proamita) and I am the son or daughter of her grandson or granddaughter.
The great-grandmother (proavia) of my paternal aunt is my great-great-great paternal aunt (abamita) and I am the son or daughter of her grandson or granddaughter.
Nome: 62_pestilence_sanguis_blood sanguis_blood
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Health is integrity of the body and a balance of its nature with respect to its heat and moisture, which is its blood - hence health (sanitas) is so called, as if it were the condition of the blood (sanguis).
Pestilence is also called plague (lues), so called from destruction (labes) and distress (luctus), and it is so violent that there is no time to anticipate life or death, but weakness comes suddenly together with death.
Scabies and lepra (i.e. leprosy or psoriasis): either affliction presents a roughness of the skin with itching and scaliness, but scabies is a mild roughness and scaliness.
Nome: 63_amber_sap_leaves like_tree
Quantidade de documentos: 49
Moreover, on the islands of Germania the 'tears' of this tree produce amber (electrum), for the flowing sap hardens, from cold or warmth, into solidity and makes a gem taking its name from its character, namely amber (sucinum), because it consists of the sap (sucus) of the tree.
It is the 'tears' given off from the 'sweat' of wood from such trees as cherry, mastic, balsam, or other trees or bushes that are said to 'sweat,' like the odoriferous woods of the orient, such as the sap of balsam and of fennel or of amber, whose 'tears' harden into a gem.
It grows in Syria and Armenia as a shrub producing seeds in clusters like grapes, with a white flower that looks like a violet's, leaves like bryony, and a good scent; it induces sweet sleep.
Nome: 64_asserted_mary_named certain_originated
Quantidade de documentos: 49
The Valentinians (Valentinianus) are named from a certain Valentinus, a follower of Plato, who introduced a"?vat ("the Aeons"), that is, certain kinds of ages, into the origin of God the creator; he also asserted that Christ took on nothing corporeal from the Virgin, but passed through her as if through a pipe.
The Luciferians (Luciferianus) originated from Lucifer, bishop of Syrmia (i.e. Sardinia); they condemn the Catholic bishops who, under the persecution of Constantius, consented to the faithlessness of the Arians and later, after this, repented and chose to return to the Catholic Church.
The Nestorians (Nestorianus) are named from Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, who asserted that the blessed Virgin Mary was the mother not of God, but of a mere human, so that he would make one person of the flesh and the other of the godhead.
Nome: 65_names_antonomasia_father sky_reasons
Quantidade de documentos: 48
In their study of the constellations these people, prompted by superstitious folly, imposed the shape of a body on the configuration of stars, making their appearance and names conform, through certain characteristics, to those of their gods.
They imagine that Saturn cut off the genitals of his father, the Sky (Caelus), so that the blood flowed into the sea, and that Venus was born from it as the foam of the sea solidified.
As is the case for these nations, so for others the names have changed over the centuries in accordance with their kings, or their locations, or their customs, or for whatever other reasons, so that the primal origin of their names from the passage of time is no longer evident.
Nome: 66_testudo_hammer_tortoise_dining
Quantidade de documentos: 48
Likewise a custom house (teloneum) is the name of the place where the revenue of ships and the wages of sailors are paid, for there sits the tax collector who will set a price on things and demand it aloud from the merchants.
They say the bedroom (thalamus, also "bridal chamber") is so named for this reason: when the Sabine women were abducted by the Romans, one of them, more noble than the others in appearance, was abducted and greatly admired by all, and it was the response of an oracle that she be married to the general Thalamon.
A testudo is also an interlinking of shields curved in the shape of a tortoise-shell, for soldiers take the names of various types of arms from animals, as 'battering ram' (aries, "ram").
Nome: 67_caelum_sky caelum_sun sol_sol
Quantidade de documentos: 47
The philosophers have said that the sky (caelum, "sky, heaven, the heavens") is rounded, spinning, and burning; and the sky is called by its name because it has the figures of the constellations impressed into it, just like an engraved (caelare) vessel.
The eagle (aquila) is named from the acuity of its vision (acumen oculorum), for it is said that they have such sight that when they soar above the sea on unmoving wings, and invisible to human sight, from such a height they can see small fish swimming, and descending like a bolt seize their prey and carry it to shore with their wings.
Their names were assigned for specific reasons; for Subsolanus is named because it arises beneath (sub) the rising of the sun (sol); Eurus because it blows from Ûç, that is, from the East, for it is related to Subsolanus; Vulturnus, because it 'resounds deeply' (alte tonare).
Nome: 68_cicero_defense milo_defense_cicero defense
Quantidade de documentos: 47
When these are set in opposition they make for beauty of expression, and among the ornaments of speech they remain the most lovely, as Cicero (Catiline Oration 2.25): "On this side shame does battle; on that, impudence; here modesty, there debauchery; here faith, there deceit; here piety, there wickedness; here steadiness, there rage; here decency, there foulness; here restraint, there lust; here in short equity, temperance, courage, wisdom, all the virtues struggle with iniquity, dissipation, cowardice, foolhardiness - with all the vices.
The argument is 'by impugning' (a repugnantibus) when what is objected is demolished by some contrary position, as Cicero (Defense of King Deiotarus 15): "This man, therefore, not only freed from such danger, but enriched with most ample honor, would have wished to kill you at home."
This class of arguments is divided into five types: first, 'by the character' (ex persona); second, 'by the authority of nature' (ex naturae auctoritate); third, 'by the circumstances of the authorities' (ex temporibus auctoritatum); fourth, 'from the sayings and deeds of ancestors' (ex dictis factisque maiorum); fifth, 'by torture' (ex tormentis).
Nome: 69_limes_door_doors_roads
Quantidade de documentos: 47
Crowbars (vectis) are so called because they are carried (vectare) in the hands, whence doors and stones are 'pried loose' (vellere), but they do not pertain to punishments of law.
They say Juno (Iuno), as if the name were Iano, that is, 'door' (ianua), with regard to the menstrual discharge of women, because, as it were, she lays open the doors of mothers for their children, and of wives for their husbands.
i.56 above). 'Door panels' (foris) or leaves (valva) are also elements of a door, but the former are so called because they swing out (foras), the latter swing (revolvere) inward, and they can be folded double - but usage has generally corrupted those terms.
Nome: 70_age_old age_old_ages
Quantidade de documentos: 47
With this, people intend to distinguish the ages of man: the first, adolescence, is ferocious and bristling, like a lion; the midpart of life is the most lucid, like a she-goat, because she sees most acutely; then comes old age with its crooked happenstances - the dragon.
The term 'age' properly is used in two ways: either as an age ofa humanas infancy, youth, old ageor as an age of the world, whose first age is from Adam to Noah; second from Noah to Abraham; third from Abraham to David; fourth from David to the exile of Judah to Babylon; fifth from then, [
The fifth is the age of an elder person (senior), that is, maturity (gravitas), which is the decline from youth into old age; it is not yet old age, but no longer youth, because it is the age of an older person, which the Greeks call pp?oßát?ç - for with the Greeks an old person is not called presbyter, but yspYv.
Nome: 71_property_possessed_estate_possession
Quantidade de documentos: 46
And it is called 'inheritance' (hereditas) from 'property entered in on' (res adita), or from 'money' (aes, gen. aeris), because whoever possesses land also pays the tax; whence also property (res).
3. Property (res) is so named from holding rightly (recte), and 'legal titles' from possessing lawfully, for what is possessed 'with title' (ius), is possessed 'lawfully' (iuste), and what is possessed lawfully is possessed well.
45. 'Estate property' (mancipium) is whatever can be 'taken by hand' (manu capere) and subjected, like a human, a horse, or a sheep, for these living beings, as soon as they are born, are reckoned as estate property.
Nome: 72_civil war_lucan_civil_lucan civil
Quantidade de documentos: 46
Lucan recalls this, saying (Civil War 1.7): Standards (against standards), eagles matching eagles, and javelins threatening javelins.
Of these, Lucan (Civil War 1.7): Standards (against standards), eagles matching eagles, and javelins (pila) threatening javelins.
Concerning it Lucan says (Civil War 5.428): And spreading the highest sipara of the sails he collects the dying winds.
Nome: 73_angels_angel_archangels_orders
Quantidade de documentos: 46
4. Holy Scripture witnesses moreover that there are nine orders of angels, that is Angels, Archangels, Thrones, Dominations, Virtues, Principalities, Powers, Cherubim, and Seraphim (angelus, archangelus, thronus, dominatio, virtus, principatus, potestas, cherub, seraph).
Further, Thrones and Dominations and Principalities and Powers and Virtues are understood to be orders and ranks of angels, in which orders the apostle Paul includes the whole heavenly company (Ephesians 1:21, Colossians 1:16, etc.).
4. Also the Cherubim, that is, a garrison of angels, have been drawn up above the flaming sword to prevent evil spirits from approaching, so that the flames drive off human beings, and angels drive off the wicked angels, in order that access to Paradise may not lie open either to flesh or to spirits that have transgressed.
Nome: 74_soles_callum_foot_shoes
Quantidade de documentos: 46
The back part of the soles is called the heel (calcis, i.e. calx); the name was imposed on it by derivation from 'hardened skin' (callum), with which we tread (calcare) on the earth (cf. solum, "soil"); hence also calcaneus (i.e. another word for 'heel').
People tell of Scylla as a woman girded with the heads of dogs, with a great barking, because of the straits of the sea of Sicily, in which sailors, terrified by the whirlpools of waves rushing against each other, suppose that the waves are barking, waves that the chasm with its seething and sucking brings into collision.
Shoemakers (sutor) are so named because they sew (suere), that is, they stitch together, with boar bristles (seta; and cf. sus, "pig") worked into their thread, as if the word were setor.
Nome: 75_wine_drunk_distaste wine_distaste
Quantidade de documentos: 46
But he holdsa crown of vines anda horn, because when wine is drunk in moderation and acceptably it confers happiness, but when it is drunk immoderately it stirs up quarrels - that is, it is as if it gives horns.
Venom (venenum) is so named because it rushes through the veins (vena), for its destructive effect, once infused, travels through the veins when bodily activity increases, and it drives out the soul.
. Pumice (pumex) is so named because it has solidified with the density of foam (spuma), and it is dry, with little luster, and possessing so great a quality of cooling that when it is placed in a vat new wine stops bubbling.
Nome: 76_soul_mind mens_mindless_amens
Quantidade de documentos: 45
Whence the philosophers say that life can continue to exist even without the will, and that the soul can endure without the mind (mens) - which is why we use the term 'the mindless' (amens).
Therefore it is soul when it enlivens the body, will when it wills, mind when it knows, memory (memoria) when it recollects, reason (ratio) when it judges correctly, spirit when it breathes forth, sense (sensus) when it senses something.
Other fabulous human monstrosities are told of, which do not exist but are concocted to interpret the causes of things - like Geryon, the Spanish king fabled to have three bodies, for there were three brothers of such like minds that there was, so to speak, one soul in their three bodies.
Nome: 77_blood_menstrual blood_kidneys_semen
Quantidade de documentos: 44
In brief, when it is livened in its breath (i.e. when the air within it is heated) by a small flame, it is immediately positioned so that it completely covers the place on the body where a cut has been made, which then heats up under the skin or deeper and draws either a humor or blood to the surface.
From there this fire is spread to the eyes and to the other sense organs and limbs, and through its heat the liver converts the liquid that it has drawn to itself from food into blood, which it furnishes to individual limbs for sustenance and growth.
Ejaculated in sexual intercourse and taken into the uterus of a woman, it somehow takes shape in the body under the influence of the heat of the viscera and the irrigation of menstrual blood.
Nome: 78_soldiers_soldier_troop_military
Quantidade de documentos: 42
Veteran and discharged soldiers who no longer serve in battle are called emeriti, because mereri means "to serve in the military," with reference to the wages that they earn (mereri).
Conscript soldiers are so called because they are enrolled in the muster list by the officer who will command them, just as soldiers are called transcripts when they transfer from one legion to another - and hence transcript (transcriptus), because they give their names so that they may be transcribed (transcribere).
45. 'Military service' (militia) is so called from 'soldiers' (miles, gen. militis), or from the word 'many' (multus), as if the term were multitia, being the occupation of many men, or from a mass (moles) of things, as if the word were moletia.
Nome: 79_pavement_pavire_pavements_mixed lime
Quantidade de documentos: 42
Pavements (pavimentum) that are worked out with the skill of a picture have a Greek origin; mosaics (lithostratum) are made from little pieces of shell and tiles colored in various hues.
A lance (lancea) is a spear with a strap attached to the middle of its shaft; it is called lancea because it is thrown weighed equally in the 'scales' (lanx, ablative lance), that is, with the strap evenly balanced.
An ostracus is a pavement made of tiles, so named because it is pounded from broken tiles mixed with lime, for the Greeks call pulverized tile ootpa.
Nome: 80_dinner_parricide_merenda_homicide
Quantidade de documentos: 42
For, contrary to human modesty, it was their custom to copulate publicly with their wives, insisting that it is lawful and decent to lie openly with one's wife, because it is a lawful union; they preach that this should be done publicly in the streets or avenues like dogs.
Parricide (parricida) is the proper word for someone who kills his own parent (parens), although some of the ancients called this a parenticida because the act of parricide can also be understood as the homicide (homicidium) of anybody, since one 'human being' (homo) is the equal (par) of another.
Hence also merenda (see ii.12 above), because in ancient times that was the time at which plain (merus) bread would be given to laboring servants - or, because at that time of day people 'took a siesta' (meridiare) alone and separately, not, that is, as at lunch and dinner, gathered at one table.
Nome: 81_siliquae_obol_obols_weighs
Quantidade de documentos: 41
A calcus (lit. "pebble"), the smallest unit of weight, is one fourth of an obol, and is equivalent to two lentils.
A drachma (dragma) is an eighth of an ounce and the weight of a silver denarius, equal to three scripuli, that is, eighteen siliquae.
The smallest unit of measure is the spoonful (coclear), which is half a drachma and weighs nine siliquae.
Nome: 82_lavare_limus_washed lavare_washed
Quantidade de documentos: 41
on that day] the custom then was for the heads (caput, plural capita) of infants who were to be anointed to be washed (lavare) so that in their observation of Lent they would not approach the anointing dirty.
. Slugs (limax) are mud vermin, so named because they are generated either in mud (limus) or from mud; hence they are always regarded as filthy and unclean.
Some people claim that mud (lutum) is named by antiphrasis, because it is not clean, for every thing that has been washed (lavare, ppl.
Nome: 83_voice_voices_sound_tone
Quantidade de documentos: 40
A perfect (perfectus) voice is high, sweet, and distinct: high, so that it can reach the high range; distinct, so that it fills the ears; sweet, so that it soothes the spirits of the listeners.
It is thought to sing sweetly because it has a long curved neck, and a voice forcing its way by a long and winding path necessarily renders varied modulations.
Perching on the branches of trees, they sound out in unmannerly garrulity, and although they are unable to unfold their tongues in meaningful speech, still they imitate the sound of the human voice.
Nome: 84_kinds_formulation_types kinds_types
Quantidade de documentos: 39
There are five types of this: anastrophe, hysteron proteron, parenthesis, tmesis, and synthesis.
Varro says that there are four kinds of divination: earth, water, air, and fire.
Now every field, as Varro teaches us, falls into one of four types.
Nome: 85_comparison_doctus_learned_comparative
Quantidade de documentos: 38
positus) first in the degrees of comparison, as 'learned' (doctus). 'Comparative' (comparativus) is so named because when compared (comparatus) with the positive it surpasses it, as 'more learned' (doctior) - for he knows more than someone who is merely learned. 'Superlative' (superlativus) is so called because it completely surpasses (superferre, ppl.
A comparison by analogy can be drawn from eight features: that is, from quality, from the comparative degree, from gender, from number, from form, from case, from endings with similar syllables, and from the similarity of tenses.
Parabola (parabola) is a comparison (comparatio) from dissimilar things, as (Lucan, Civil War 1.205): Like a lion seen hard by in the fields of heat-bearing Libya, he beset the enemy, where he compares Caesar to a lion, making a comparison, not from his own kind, but from another.
Nome: 86_verb_legere ppl_reading_lector
Quantidade de documentos: 38
The verbum (i.e. the verb) of the grammarians conjugates in three tenses: preterit, present and future, as fecit ("he did"), facit ("he does"), faciet ("he willdo").
Following on from intention, the inchoative (inchoativus) verb is so called from its indication of beginning (incohare), as calesco ("I become warm," formed on calere, "be warm").
The adverb (adverbium) is so named because it 'comes near the verb' (accedere < ad-cedere verbum), as in 'read well' (bene lege). 'Well' (bene) is the adverb, and 'read' (lege) is the verb.
Nome: 87_greeks black_black_black s2a_milk
Quantidade de documentos: 38
5. Black bile (melancholia) is so called because it is a large amount of bile mixed with the dregs of black blood, for in Greek black is µs2aç and bile is yo2?.
Little by little the Libyans altered the name of these people, in their barbarous tongue calling the Medes 'Moors' (Maurus), although the Moors are named by the Greeks for their color, for the Greeks call black µaUpóç (i.e. ?µaUpóç, "dark"), and indeed, blasted by blistering heat, they have a countenance of a dark color.
The Bactrian smaragdus holds second place; they are gathered in seams of rock when the north wind blows, for at that time they glitter in the ground, which is uncovered because the sands are shifted a great deal by these winds.
Nome: 88_homo_likenesses_wise person_effigies
Quantidade de documentos: 38
The use of likenesses arose when, out of grief for the dead, images or effigies were set up, as if in place of those who had been received into heaven demons substituted themselves to be worshipped on earth, and persuaded deceived and lost people to make sacrifices to themselves.
Although the origin of terms, whence they come, has received some accounting by philosophers - such that by derivation 'human being' (homo) is so called from 'humanity' (humanitas), or 'wise person' (sapiens) from 'wisdom' (sapientia), because wisdom comes first, then the wise person - nevertheless a different, special cause is manifest in the origin of certain terms, such as homo from 'soil' (humus), from which the word homo properly is so called.
Wise (sapiens), so called from taste (sapor), because as the sense of taste is able to discern the taste of food, so the wise person is able to distinguish things and their causes, because he understands each thing, and makes distinctions with his sense of the truth.
Nome: 89_syllogisms_premise_syllogism_major premise
Quantidade de documentos: 38
2. Hence a syllogism consists of three parts: proposition (propositio, i.e. the major premise), the additional proposition (assumptio, i.e. the minor premise), and the conclusion (conclusio).
Hence 'enthymeme' is translated into Latin 'conception of the mind' (conceptio mentis), and writers on the art usually call it an incomplete syllogism, because its form of argument consists of two parts, as it employs what aims to arouse conviction while bypassing the rule of syllogisms.
The three-part epichirematic syllogism consists of three members: the major premise (propositio), minor premise (assumptio), and conclusion (conclusio).
Nome: 90_neuter_gender_masculine_feminine
Quantidade de documentos: 38
For example, funiculus ("small rope," with an obviously masculine ending) shows that funis ("rope") is masculine, just as marmusculum ("small block of marble," with an obviously neuter ending) shows that marmor ("marble") is of neuter gender.
But nuntius as "messenger" is a word of masculine gender, but "that which he announces" is of neuter gender, as nuntium and plural nuntia with neuter forms.
All fruits in Latin are as a rule of feminine gender, with a few exceptions, such as the masculine oleaster ("wild olive") and neuter siler ("osier"); so Vergil (Geo.
Nome: 91_genus_capable laughter_capable_species
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. First we posit the genus, then we subjoin the species and other things that can be allied, and we separate them by particulars they hold in common, continually introducing the differentiae until we arrive at the individual character (proprium) of the thing whose identifying properties we have been investigating by means of a definition that marks it out.
The first species of definition is oùotÛ6?ç, that is, 'substantial' (substantialis), which is properly and truly called a definition, as is "A human being is an animal, rational, mortal, capable of feeling and of learning."
Clearly this is a wonderful kind of achievement, that it has been possible to gather into one whatever the mobility and variety of the human mind could discover as it looked for understanding in diverse subjects, encompassing the free and willful intellect.
Nome: 92_bronze_aes_aerarium_coin
Quantidade de documentos: 35
Bronze (aes, gen. aeris) money came into use first, then silver, and finally gold followed, but money still retained its name from the metal with which it began (i.e. aes continued to mean 'money' as well as 'bronze').
Plowing (aratio) is so called because people first carried out the cultivation of land with bronze (aes, gen. aeris) before the use of iron was discovered.
The use of ceramic dishes was more ancient than the practice of casting with bronze or silver, for the ancients had dishes of neither gold nor silver, but of pottery - such as the dolium devised for wine, the amphora for water, the hydria for baths, and other vessels that are either made on the wheel or shaped by hand for human use.
Nome: 93_beauty_captives_choosing_arousing
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Beauty, that the head should be small and firm, the skin clinging close to the bones, the ears short and expressive, the eyes large, the nostrils flaring out, the neck upright, the mane and tail thick, the hooves of a firm roundness and solidity.
They alone recognize their own names; they love their masters; they defend their master's home; they lay down their life for their master; they willingly run after game with their master; they do not leave the body of their master even when he has died.
Hence Jerome in the book he wrote On Preserving Virginity: "Thus growing girls should avoid wine as poison lest, on account of the fervent heat of their time of life, they drink it and die."
Nome: 94_faults_expressions_speaker_expressions sententia
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With regard to style (elocutio) it will be correct to use what the matter, the place, the time, and the character of the audience require, ensuring that profane things are not be mingled with religious, immodest with chaste, frivolous with weighty, playful with earnest, or laughable with sad.
Ambiguity (ambiguitas) is also to be avoided, as well as that fault when, carried away by the excitement of oratory, some people conclude, in a long and roundabout rambling (ambages) with empty sounds interposed, what they could have expressed in one or two words.
Because a straight and continuous oration makes for weariness and disgust as much for the speaker as for the hearer, it should be inflected and varied into other forms, so that it might refresh the speaker and become more elaborate, and deflect criticism with a diversity of presentation and hearing.
Nome: 95_arguments_argumentation_argumentum_argument
Quantidade de documentos: 35
The state 'quality' (qualitas) obtains when 'what sort of ' (qualis) matter may be in hand is considered; because it deals with controversy concerning the force and class (genus) of the affair, this proceeding (constitutio) is called 'general' (generalis).
Then from state of 'appeal to the law' (legalis) these types emerge, that is: 'written law and its intention' (scriptum et voluntas), contradictory laws (leges contrariae), ambiguity (ambiguitas), inference or logical reasoning (collectio sive ratiocinatio), and legal definition (definitio).
Cicero puts it thus in his art of rhetoric (On Invention 1.9): "If deliberation (deliberatio) and demonstration (demonstratio) are kinds of arguments (causa), they cannot rightly be considered parts of any one kind of argument - for the same thing can be a kind of one thing and part of another, but not a kind and a part of the same thing," and so forth, up to the point where the constituents of this syllogism are concluded.
Nome: 96_mors_death mors_mars author_suddenly falls
Quantidade de documentos: 35
Death (mors) is so called, because it is bitter (amarus), or by derivation from Mars, who is the author of death; [or else, death is derived from the bite (morsus) of the first human, because when he bit the fruit of the forbidden tree, he incurred death].
Horses havea great deal of liveliness, for they revel in open country; they scent out war; they are roused to battle by the sound of the trumpet; when incited by a voice they are challenged to race, grieving when they are defeated, and exultant when they are victorious.
If someone is Greek, they come up close and fawn on him, but if someone is of alien birth, they attack and wound him by biting, grieving as if with tearful voices either their own transformation or the death of their king - for Diomedes was slain by the Illyrians.
Nome: 97_cretio_inheritance_concession_concession concessio
Quantidade de documentos: 33
Under extraneous: concession (concessio), setting aside the charge (remotio criminis), retorting to the charge (relatio criminis), compensation (compensatio).
It concerns such things as legal inheritances, cretio (i.e. formal acceptance of an inheritance), guardianship, usucapio (i.e. acquisition of ownership by use): these laws are found among no other group of people, but are particular to the Romans and established for them alone.
Building (aedificatio) is one kind of construction and renovation (instauratio) is another: building is new construction, but renovation is what restores something to its previous likeness (instar), for the ancients used to use the word instar for 'likeness'; hence they would say 'renovate' (instaurare).
Nome: 98_augurs_wings_boa_bos
Quantidade de documentos: 33
They are called 'auspicious signs' (auspicium) as if it were 'observations of birds' (avium aspicium), and 'auguries' (augurium), as if it were 'bird calls' (avium garria), that is, the sounds and languages of birds.
The boa (boas), a snake in Italy of immense size, attacks herds of cattle and buffaloes, and attaches itself to the udders of the ones flowing with plenty of milk, and kills them by suckling on them, and from this takes the name 'boa,' from the destruction of cows (bos).
They are called birds (avis) because they do not have set paths (via), but travel by means of pathless (avia) ways. 'Winged ones' (ales, gen. alitis) because they strive 'with their wings for the heights' (alis alta), and ascend to lofty places with the oarage of their wings.
Nome: 99_gift_gift god_confession_donation
Quantidade de documentos: 33
Hence, although they may be dispensed through the Church of God by good or by bad ministers, nevertheless because the Holy Spirit mystically vivifies them - that Spirit that formerly in apostolic times would appear in visible works - these gifts are neither enlarged by the merits of good ministers nor diminished by the bad, for (I Corinthians 3:7), "neither he that planteth is any thing, nor he that watereth; but God that giveth the increase."
Exorcism is this, to rebuke and conjure against the devil, whence it should be understood that it is no creature of God that is exorcized or breathed out in infants, but that devil, to whom all are subject who are born with sin - for he is the prince of sinners.
5. Schism (schisma) is so called from the division (scissura) of opinions, for schismatics believe with the same worship, the same rite, as the rest; they delight in mere dissension (discidium) in the congregation.
Nome: 100_beasts_beast_lions_beasts burden
Quantidade de documentos: 32
. 'Beasts of burden' (iumenta) derive their name from the fact that they assist (iuvare) our labor and burdens by their help in carrying or plowing, for the ox pulls the carriage and turns the hardest clods of earth with the plowshare; the horse and ass carry burdens, and ease people's labor when they travel.
The term 'beast,' properly speaking, includes lions, panthers, tigers, wolves, foxes, dogs, apes, and other animals that attack either with their mouth or their claws, excepting serpents.
And even livestock, flocks, and beasts of burden are called to pasture particularly with salt, and are more productive of milk and more obliging at giving cheese.
Nome: 101_singing_succentor_psaltery_sing
Quantidade de documentos: 32
The psaltery (psalterium), which is commonly called canticum (lit. "song"), takes its name from 'singing to the psaltery' (psallere), because the chorus responds in harmony with the voice of the psaltery.
Thusa 'canticle of a psalm' occurs when what a musical instrument plays, the voice of the singer afterwards sounds, but a 'psalm of a canticle' when the art of the instrument being played imitates what the human voice sounds first. 'Psalm' is named from the instrument called a psaltery, whence the custom is for it not to be accompanied by any other kind of playing.
But others consider it a Greek word, meaning "an interval in psalm-chanting"; as a psalm is what is psalm-chanted, so a diapsalm is the silence interposed in psalm-chanting - just as a synpsalma is a joining of voice in singing, so a diapsalm is a disjunction of vocal sounds, where a kind of rest set off from the continuation of sound is marked.
Nome: 102_reus_judge_judicial_trial
Quantidade de documentos: 31
It is called 'judicial' because it judges (iudicare) a man, and its decision shows whether a praiseworthy person may be worthy of a reward, or whether a person surely charged with a crime may be condemned or freed from punishment.
A 'temporary injuction' (interdictum) 'is pronounced for the time being' (interim dicitur) by the judge, not in perpetuity, but with the intention of changing the temporary order at the right time, when the conditions of the judgment are met.
Accused (reus), so called from the lawsuit (res) in which he is liable, and offence (reatum) from reus. 'Impeached for state treason' (reus maiestatis) was at first the term for one who had carried out something against the republic, or anyone who had conspired with the enemy.
Nome: 103_fem_hic_neut_recepto
Quantidade de documentos: 30
Hypozeuxis is the figure opposite to the one above, where there is a separate phrase for each individual meaning, as (Vergil, Aen. 10.149): Regem adit et regi memorat nomenque genusque (He approaches the king and tells the king both his name and family).
5. Syllepsis (syllempsis) is the use of an expression completed by a singular verb with dissimilar or plural phrases, as (Vergil, Aen. 1.553): Sociis et rege recepto ("When companions and king be found"; recepto is singular), or a singular phrase is supplied with a plural verb, as (Vergil, Ecl.
Homoeoteleuton (homoeon teleuton) occurs when several verbs terminate in the same way, as (Cicero, Against Catiline 2.1): abiit, abcessit, evasit, erupit ("he left, he walked off, he escaped, he burst forth").
Nome: 104_governing_kings_consulere_thrones
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Kings are so called from governing, and as priests (sacerdos) are named from 'sacrificing' (sacrificare), so kings (rex, gen. regis) from governing (regere, also meaning "keep straight, lead correctly").
6. Consuls (consul) are so called after 'taking counsel' (consulere), as kings from governing, laws (lex, gen. legis) from reading (legere).
The throne (solium), on which kings sit for the safety of their bodies, is so called, according to some, for its 'solidity' (soliditas), as if it were solidum; according to others the word is formed by antistichon (i.e. by antistoechum, "substitution of letters") as if the word were sodium, from 'sitting' (sedere).
Nome: 105_dilectio_nolle_nolo_terminus end
Quantidade de documentos: 30
Deponent (deponens) verbs are so called because they 'set aside' (deponere) the passive meaning of their future participles; this form ends in -dus, as gloriandus ("worthy of boasting").
And again, as when we gloss 'termination' (terminus) as 'end' (finis), and we interpret 'ravaged' (populatus) to be 'devastated' (vastatus), and in general when we make clear the meaning of one word by means of one other word.
This also occurs due to a common verb, as Deprecatur Cato, calumniatur Cicero, praestolatur Brutus, dedignatur Antonius ("Cato denounces, Cicero slanders, Brutus expects, Anthony scorns"; or, "Cato is denounced," etc.).
Nome: 106_nepos_grandfather_greatgreatgreatgreatgrandfather_greatgreatgrandfather
Quantidade de documentos: 30
A great-grandson is the child who is conceived and born from the grandson, and he is called pronepos as if the term were natus porro post ("born further after").
Just as those born rather far down the line of descent are called progeny, so those further up, the great-grandfathers and great-great-grandfathers, are also called 'progenitors' (progenitor), as if the term were porro generans ("remote begetter").
193. 'Prodigal' (nepos), so called from a certain kind of scorpion (i.e. nepa) that consumes its offspring except for the one that has settled on its back; for in turn the very one that has been saved consumes the parent; hence people who consume the property of their parents with riotous living are called prodigals.
Nome: 107_concerning vergil_geo_vergil geo_ecl
Quantidade de documentos: 30
Concerning it Vergil says (Geo. 4.168): They keep the drones, a lazy flock, from the hives.
Concerning her Vergil writes (cf. Geo. 3.1): You also, great Pales, in your memory we will sing.
Concerning it, Vergil (Geo.
Nome: 108_vulcan_ninus king_ninus_king assyrians
Quantidade de documentos: 30
Also, it expresses what has been discovered by the discoverer, as (Terence, Eunuch 732); Without Ceres and Liber, Venus grows cold, and (Vergil, Aen. 9.76): Vulcan sends mingled embers to the stars.
They would have it that Vulcan is fire, and he is named Vulcan (Vulcanus), as 'flying radiance' (volans candor), or as if the word were volicanus, because he flies throughthe airfor fire is born from clouds.
Some people think the ludix (i.e. lodix, "coverlet") is named from public games (ludus), that is, the theater, for when young men used to leave the brothel at the public games, they would conceal their heads and faces with these coverings, because someone who has entered a whorehouse is usually ashamed.
Nome: 109_plowing_lira_bark_plowed
Quantidade de documentos: 29
Doting (delerus, i.e. delirus), demented from old age, after the term 2?p?±v ("prattle"), or because one wanders from straight thinking as if from the lira - for a lira (i.e. the balk between furrows) is a kind of plowed land when farmers, at the time of sowing, make straight furrows in which the whole crop is set.
A furrow (sulcus) is so named from 'sun' (sol), because when plowed it receives the sun. 'Newly plowed fallow' (vervactum) is so called as if it were 'done in springtime' (vere actum), that is, land plowed in spring.
insitus) onto a sterile tree; or, it is the implanting of buds when, after the bark is sliced open, the bud of a foreign tree is set into the inner bark.
Nome: 110_bundles_secundus_magnanimis_manipulus
Quantidade de documentos: 29
These troops are called maniples (manipulus) either because they would begin a battle in the first combat (manus), or because, before battlestandards existed, they would make 'handfuls' (manipulus) for themselves as standards, that is, bundles of straw or of some plant, and from this standard the soldiers were nicknamed 'manipulars.'
A 'manumitted man' (manumissus) is so called as if the term were manu emissus ("delivered by a hand"), for in ancient times whenever they would liberate (manumittere) someone they would turn him around after he was struck with a slap and confirm him to be free.
Powerful (potens), extending (patere) widely in one's property; hence also 'power' (potestas), because it extends for him in whatever direction he chooses, and no one closes him in, none can stand in his way. 'Very rich' (praeopimus), well-supplied with "goods (opes) beyond (prae) other people."
Nome: 111_prostitute_prostitutes_scurra_attends
Quantidade de documentos: 29
Womanizer (femellarius), one devoted to women, whom the ancients called mulierarius.] Debauched (flagitiosus), because one frequently solicits (flagitare) and desires sensual pleasure.
Pimp (leno), an arranger of lewd practice, because he charms the minds of wretched people and seduces them by cajoling (delinire, i.e. delenire).
proseda, "prostitute") at flophouses or brothels; such a one is properly called pelex in Greek (cf. pa22am(c)ç, "concubine"); in Latin, concuba, and so called from fallacia, that is, "cunning deceit, guile, and trickery."
Nome: 112_pinna_penna_conjugation flying_ancients sharp
Quantidade de documentos: 28
Because it is equal in its length and its curvature, the straight part of the nose is called the column (columna); its tip is pirula, from the shape of the fruit of a pear-tree (pirus); the parts to the left and right are called 'little wings' (pinnula), from similarity to wings (ala; cf. pinna, "feather"), and the middle part is called interfinium.
. Feathers (pinna) are named from 'being suspended' (pende¯re, 2nd conjugation), that is, from flying - hence also the word pend?ere ("suspend," 3rd conjugation) - for flying creatures move with the aid of feathers when they commit themselves to the air.
The anchor (anchora) is an iron spike taking its name viaa Greek etymology, because it grasps the rocks orsand like a person's hand, for the Greeks call the hand mUpa (i.e. y?(c)p, with an aspirated k sound), but 'anchor' has no aspiration among Greek speakers, for it is pronounced ?ymUpa.
Nome: 113_supplicium_punishment_wrongdoing_stupor
Quantidade de documentos: 28
Every law either permits something, as "a valiant man may seek his reward," or it forbids, as "it is not permitted to marry a sacred virgin," or it punishes, as "he who commits murder will undergo capital punishment."
The term penalty (supplicium), strictly speaking, is not used with regard to someone who is punished in any way at all, but with regard to one who is sentenced in such a way that his goods are 'set apart as sacred' (consecrare) and are paid into the public treasury.
Hence 'propitiatory offerings' (supplicium) that were made from the goods of people who had suffered punishments (supplicium) are called 'supplications' (supplicatio): thus holy things took their being from the belongings of the accursed.
Nome: 114_cadaver_body body_corpus_body corpus
Quantidade de documentos: 28
But everyone pays attention to them for predicting the qualities of the air in the summer, winter, and spring seasons, for by their rising or setting in specific places they indicate the condition of the weather.
They are called seasons (tempus) from the 'balance of qualities' (temperamentum) that each shares, because each in turn blends (temperare) for itself the qualities of moisture, dryness, heat, and cold.
However, in common usage a cadaver is still spoken of as a body (corpus, i.e. 'corpse'), as in the following (Vergil, Geo. 4.255): Then the bodies (corpus) of those deprived of the light.
Nome: 115_grapes_grape_aminean_spicy
Quantidade de documentos: 28
There are several species of legumes, of which the fava bean, lentil, pea, French bean, chickpea, and lupine seed seem most favored for human consumption.
Although it has one name, it produces more than one type; the Aminean 'twin' (duae geminae) so called because it yields double grapes, and the Aminean 'woolly' (lanatus), because it has a woolly down, more so than others.
Faecinian grapes have tiny berries and tough skin; they trail Aminean grapes in quality and surpass them in fecundity.
Nome: 116_herb_herb herba_herb called_madder
Quantidade de documentos: 28
The herb called henbane (hyoscyamos) by the Greeks is called the 'chalice-like' (calicularis) herb by Latin speakers, because its calyxes (caliculus) grow in the shape of goblets like those of pomegranates.
Nightshade (strychnos) is called the 'healing herb' (herba salutaris) in Latin, because it eases headache and acid stomach.
Rosemary (rosmarinum), which Latin speakers call the 'healing herb' (herba salutaris) for its powers, has leaves like fennel's, rough and spread over the ground in whorls.
Nome: 117_auster_africus_austroafricus_ebur
Quantidade de documentos: 27
Among the inhabitants of India an elephant is called a barro after the sound it makes, whence also its trumpeting is called barritus, and its tusks called ivory (ebur).
3. Subsolanus has Vulturnus from the right side and Eurus from the left; Auster has Euroauster from the right and Austroafricus from the left; Favonius has Africus from the right and Corus from the left; finally Septentrio has Circius from the right and Aquilo from the left.
It is called iris (lit. "rainbow") by analogy, for if it is struck by sunlight while indoors it recreates on the walls nearby the shape and colors of the rainbow.
Nome: 118_jerusalem_temple jerusalem_destroyed_divided people
Quantidade de documentos: 27
In this text, after the crossing of the Jordan the kingdoms of the enemy are destroyed, the land is divided for the people, and the spiritual kingdoms of the Church and the Heavenly Jerusalem are prefigured through the individual cities, hamlets, mountains, and borders.
Access to this location was blocked off after the fall of humankind, for it is fenced in on all sides by a flaming sword, that is, encircled by a wall of fire, so that the flames almost reach the sky.
Gehennaisaplace of fire and sulphur that is believed to have been named from a valley, consecrated to idols, that is next to the city wall of Jerusalem, and which was once filled with the corpses of the dead - for there the Hebrews used to sacrifice their children to demons - and the place itself is called Gehennon.
Nome: 119_rings_wear_wear rings_shoulder
Quantidade de documentos: 27
People say that Tarquinius Priscus first made these in Rome in order that, whenever there was a downpour of rain, water would pass through them out of the city so that the destructive force of water in very great and prolonged storms would not destroy the level places or foundations of the city.
. AGabine girding arrangement occurs when the toga is put on so that the edge which is flung back over the shoulder is drawn up to the chest in such a way that the decorations hang on either side from the shoulder, as the pagan priests used to wear them, or as the praetors used to be girded.
2. People first began to wear rings on the fourth (i.e. third) finger from the thumb, because a certain vein reaches from it to the heart, and the ancients thought that this vein should be noted and adorned by some sort of sign.
Nome: 120_extra_exile_outside_land extra
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Exile (exul), because one is 'outside his native soil' (extra solumsuum), as if sent beyond his soil, or wandering outside his soil, for those who go outside their soil are said to 'be in exile' (exulare).
Banished (extorris), because one is 'outside his own land' (extra terram suam), as if the term were exterris - but properly speaking one is banished when driven out by force and ejected from his native soil with terror (terror).
Banished (extorris), 'outside the land' (extra terram), or 'beyond one's frontier' (extra terminos suos), because one is frightened (exterrere).
Nome: 121_maevius_enemy_bavius_horace
Quantidade de documentos: 27
The 'left hand' (sinixtra, i.e. sinistra) is so called as if the word were derived from 'without the right hand' (sine dextra), or as if it 'permitted' something to happen, because sinixtra is derived from 'permitting' (sinere).
Gracchus says in the Against Maevius (unique fragment): "Consider his left hand, O Quirites - see whose authority we are following: someone who is adorned like a woman on account of his lust for women."
1): O Flaccus Lucentus, my life, I seek for myself neither emeralds nor glittering beryl, nor white pearls, nor those little rings that the Thynian (Tunnicus) file has polished, nor jasper stones.
Nome: 122_roman citizens_consuls_tribus_tribunal
Quantidade de documentos: 27
Because the Romans would not put up with the haughty domination of kings, they made a pair of consuls serve as the governing power year by year - for the arrogance of kings was not like the benevolence of a consul, but the haughtiness of a master.
The separate courts and assemblies of the people are called tribes (tribus), and they are so called because in the beginning the Romans had been separated by Romulus 'into three groups' (trifarie): senators, soldiers, and plebeians.
That office was established in the sixth year after the kings (i.e. of Rome) were driven out, for when the common people were oppressed by the senate and consuls they created for themselves tribunes to act as their own judges and defenders, to safeguard their liberty and defend them against the injustice of the nobility.
Nome: 123_exspectare_trap_2299 sow_clodius
Quantidade de documentos: 27
Did he have no hesitation in killing lawlessly, at an unpropitious place and time, risking his neck, a man he did not venture to kill with impunity, with the law, the place, and the time on his side?"
A certain man was complaining about his son because he was 'looking forward' (exspectare) to his death, and the son answered, "I don't look forward (exspectare) to it; nay I wish," he said, "that you would dread (exspectare) it."
They assert that all sin is uniform, saying, "He who has stolen chaff will be as culpable as one who has stolen gold; he who kills a diver-bird as much as one who kills a horse - for it is not the nature of the animal (animal), but the intention (animus), that constitutes the crime."
Nome: 124_testament_monumentum_historia_pact
Quantidade de documentos: 26
2.A testament (testamentum) is so called because, unless the testator (testator) died, one could not confirm or know what was written in it, because it is closed and sealed, and it is also called 'testament' because it is not valid until after the setting up of the memorial of the testator (testatoris monumentum), whence also the Apostle (Hebrews 9:17): "The testament," he says, "is of force after people are dead."
Thus Laban and Jacob made a testament, which was certainly valid between living people, and in the Psalms it is written (82:6): "They have made a covenant (testamentum) together against thee," that is, a pact; and innumerable such examples.
The entire content of both Testaments is characterized in one of three ways, that is, as narrative (historia), moral instruction (mores), or allegorical meaning (allegoria).
Nome: 125_opposed_contraries_opposites_things opposed
Quantidade de documentos: 26
The first type of contrary is called diverse (diversus) according to Cicero (Topics 35), because these are set against one another as such complete opposites that they have no part in the things to which they are opposed, as 'wisdom' to 'stupidity.'
The fourth type of contrary sets up an opposition 'from an affirmation and a negation' (ex confirmatione et negatione), as "Socrates disputes, Socrates does not dispute."
This fourth type of contrary has aroused much controversy among logicians, and by them is called 'intensely opposite' (valde oppositum), since indeed it takes no mediating term (tertium).
Nome: 126_barbarism_solecism_fault_schema
Quantidade de documentos: 26
A barbarism (barbarismus) is a word pronounced with a corrupted letter or sound: a corrupted letter, as in floriet (i.e. the incorrect future form of florere, "bloom"), when one ought to say florebit ("will bloom"); a corrupted sound, if the first syllable is lengthened and the middle syllable omitted in words like latebrae ("hiding places"), tenebrae ("shadows").
A motacism (motacismus) occurs whenever a vowel follows the letter M, as bonum aurum ("good gold), iustum amicum ("just friend"), and we avoid this fault either by suspending the letter M, or by leaving it out.
Thus a solecism is a group of words that are not joined by the correct rule, as if someone were to say inter nobis ("between us," with nobis in the wrong case) instead of inter nos, or date veniam sceleratorum ("grant forgiveness of sinners") instead of sceleratis ("to sinners").
Nome: 127_tpoptm_circle_circle called_pmttm
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The second circle is called 9?ptvòç tpoptmóç (i.e. "summer tropic") because in this circle the sun makes it summer when it is at its northern limit, and it does not travel beyond this circle, but rather turns back at once.
The third circle is called ¡µ?ptvóç, and is called 'equinoctial' (aequinoctialis) by Latin speakers, because the sun, when it goes across to this zone, makes the day and night equal length (aequinoctium) - for the term ¡µ?ptvóç means 'day and night' in Latin.
These motions have fixed intervals: a dactylic rhythm, as long as they are healthy, but they are a sign of death when they are quite fast - as in 6opma6?- Sovt?ç (lit., "swift as a gazelle") - or quite slow - as in µUpµ(c)Sovt?ç (lit., "weak as ants").
Nome: 128_field_arbustum_garden_fruitbearing
Quantidade de documentos: 26
There is the arable (arvus) field, that is, for sowing; or the plantable (consitus), that is, suitable for trees; or pasture (pascuus), set apart for grass and herds only; or the floral (florus), because these are garden spots fit for bees and flowers.
A field is called 'naturally enclosed' (arcifinius) when it is not bounded by fixed measures of boundary-lines, but its 'boundaries are enclosed' (arcentur fines) by a barrier of rivers, mountains, or trees - wherefore also no leftover patches of land interrupt these fields.
Others would take arbustum as the place where trees grow, like the term for 'willow thicket' (salictum); and likewise (i.e. with a similar derivational ending) virectum ("greensward"), where there are new and green (virere) bushes.
Nome: 129_convert_goths_goths convert_christianity
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During the fourth and fifth year of the most religious ruler Sisebut] the Jews in Spain convert to Christianity.
However, at the urging of demons, this error gradually crept into later generations in such a way that those, whom people had honored only for the memory of their name, their successors deemed as gods and worshipped.
When he was dead his wife built for him a sepulcher of wondrous size and beauty, so that even today any precious monument is called a mausoleum after his name.
Nome: 130_munus_presents munus_bits_small bits
Quantidade de documentos: 25
Theyholdthat Liber(Liber) is named from'release' (liberamentum), because it is as if males were released (liberare) by his favor when their seed is ejaculated in copulation, since this same Liber is depicted with a delicate feminine body.
Crossroads (compitum) are places where gatherings of country people are customarily made, and they are called crossroads because many regions in the country meet (competere) there, and there country people assemble.
Sausage (farcimen) is meat cut up into small bits, because with it an intestine is stuffed (farcire), that is, filled, with other things mixed in.
Nome: 131_comma_colon_arsis_clause
Quantidade de documentos: 24
In each foot there occurs an arsis (arsis) and a thesis (thesis), that is, a raising and lowering of the voice - for the feet would not be able to follow a road unless they were alternately raised and lowered.
2. Metaphor (metaphora) is an adopted transference of some word, as when we say "cornfields ripple," "the vines put forth gems," although we do not find waves and gems in these things; in these phrases, terms have been transferred from elsewhere.
A phrase (comma) is a small component of thought, a clause (colon) is a member, and a sentence (periodos) is a 'rounding-off or compass' (ambitus vel circuitus; cf. p?p(c)o6oç, "going round").
Nome: 132_decent_just thing_universal_thing decent
Quantidade de documentos: 24
The fourth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a particular affirmation and a universal negation directly, as: "A particular just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked."
The ninth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a universal negation and a particular affirmation indirectly, as: "No wicked thing is decent; a particular decent thing is just; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked."
The fifth type is that which draws together a particular negation from a particular affirmation and a universal negation directly, as: "A particular just thing is decent; no just thing is bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad."
Nome: 133_begot_arpachshad_130th_130th year
Quantidade de documentos: 24
From Adam to this cataclysm there are 2252 years.] The second age 2244 Two years after the Flood, [when he was 100 years old,] Shem begot Arphachshad, from whom sprang the Chaldeans.
2379 In his 135th year Arphachshad begot Shelah, from whom sprang the Samaritans and the Indians.
The kingdoms of the Assyrians and Sicinians arise. 3184 In his 70th year Terah begot Abraham.
Nome: 134_mediator_claudus_moderatus_lactare
Quantidade de documentos: 24
So, for instance, bonum factum ("good deed") would be written as BF, senatus consultum ("senate decree") as SC, respublica ("republic") as RP, populus Romanus ("Roman people") as PR, dumtaxat ("at least") as DT, mulier ("woman") by the upside-down letter M, pupillus ("male orphan") by a regular P, pupilla ("female orphan") by a with the top reversed, caput ("head") by a single K, calumniae causa ("case of false accusation") by two joined KK, iudex esto ("let the judge be present") by IE, dolum malum ("grievous fraud") by DM.
Charmer (oblectator), as if 'with milk (lac, gen. lactis),' means "with guile," as Terence (Andria 648): Unless you had cajoled (lactare, homophone of lactare, "give milk to") me, a lover.
Among the ancients, moreover, it was named laudea; afterwards, with the letter d removed and r substituted it was called laurus - just like auricula ("ear"), which originally was pronounced audicula, and medidies, which is now pronounced meridies ("midday").
Nome: 135_teeth_frendere_creare_jaws
Quantidade de documentos: 23
They are called cheekbones (mala; cf. malum, "apple") either because they protrude under the eyes in a rounded shape, which the Greeks called µ?2ov ("apple," also "cheek"), or because they are above the jaws (maxilla).
The word jaws (maxilla) is a diminutive of cheekbone (mala), just as peg (paxillus) is derived from stake (palus) and small cube (taxillus) from large die (talus).
A very harsh type of bit is the 'wolftoothed' (lupatus), so called from having uneven teeth like wolves' (lupinus) teeth; consequently its 'bite' is a powerful curb.
Nome: 136_cynocephali_monstrous_act plays_beards
Quantidade de documentos: 23
Moreover, the name of hypocrita derives from the appearance of those who go in theatrical spectacles with countenance concealed, marking their face with blue and red and other pigments, holding masks of linen and plaster of Paris decorated with various colors, sometimes also smearing their necks and hands with white clay, in order to arrive at the coloring of the character they portray and to deceive the public while they act in plays.
Moreover, people write about the monstrous faces of nations in the far East: some with no noses, having completely flat faces and a shapeless countenance; some with a lower lip so protruding that when they are sleeping it protects the whole face from the heat of the sun; some with mouths grown shut, taking in nourishment only through a small opening by means of hollow straws.
It is not simply in clothing but in physical appearance also that some groups of people lay claim to features peculiar to themselves as marks to distinguish them, so that we see the curls (cirrus, perhaps "topknot") of the Germans, the mustaches and goatees of the Goths, the tattoos of the Britons.
Nome: 137_planets_sphere_sphere sky_say sky
Quantidade de documentos: 23
They hold that everything is connected to the orbital paths of these planets, and they think that the planets are interconnected and in a way inserted within one another, and that they turn backwards and are carried by a motion that is opposite to the other heavenly bodies.
They say that the sphere of heaven moves on these two poles, and with its movement, the stars, whichare fixed in it, make their circuit fromthe east to the west, with the northern stars completing shorter circular courses next to the turning point.
People say that the sky moves, and with its motion the stars fixed in it go around from east to west, with the stars of the Big Dipper proceeding around the pole in shorter rotations.
Nome: 138_arts_minerva_magical arts_magic arts
Quantidade de documentos: 23
. but after Aesculapius was killed by a bolt of lightning, the study of healing was declared forbidden, and the art died along with its author, and was hidden for almost fifty years, until the time of Artaxerxes, king of the Persians.
Atlas was Prometheus' brother and the king of Africa, and is said to have been the inventor of astrology (i.e. in modern terms astronomy and astrology) and for that reason he is said to have held up the heavens.
Hence also the Greeks claim that Minerva is the inventor of many arts, because literature, and the arts of many schools, and philosophy itself have considered Athens as their temple.
Nome: 139_meter_moses_meters_composed
Quantidade de documentos: 22
Thus Anacreon composed Anacreontic meters, the woman Sappho published Sapphic meters, a certain Archilochus wrote Archilochian meters, and a certain Colophonian practiced Colophonian meters.
Some say Moses wrote the book of Job, others say one of the prophets, and some even consider that Job himself, after the calamity he suffered, was the writer, thinking that the man who underwent the struggles of spiritual combat might himself narrate the victories he procured.
Furthermore, all the psalms of the Hebrews are known to have been composed in lyric meter; in the manner of the Roman Horace and the Greek Pindar they run now on iambic foot, now they resound in Alcaic, now they glitter in Sapphic measure, proceeding on trimeter or tetrameter feet.
Nome: 140_animal_animal called_canis_plural pecus
Quantidade de documentos: 21
We say shoulder (humerus, i.e. umerus), as if the word were the 'forequarter of an animal' (armus), to distinguish humans from mute animals, so that we say human beings have shoulders, whereas animals have forequarters, for forequarters in the proper sense belong to quadrupeds.
There is a distinction between the terms pecora (i.e. the plural of pecus, neuter) and pecudes (i.e. the plural of pecus, feminine), for the ancients commonly used to say pecora with the meaning "all animals," but pecudes were only those animals that are eaten, as if the word were pecuedes (cf. esse, 1st person edo, "eat").
Although the Greeks name the lamb (agnus) from ?yvóç ("holy") as if it were sacred, Latin speakers think that it has this name because it recognizes (agnoscere) its mother before other animals, to the extent that even if it has strayed within a large herd, it immediately recognizes the voice of its parent by its bleat.
Nome: 141_decumanus_twohorned_called attic_sides equal
Quantidade de documentos: 21
Even though they may be constructed as squared off and wide, they still look round to those observing from far off, because everything appears round whose angular shape disappears and is lost across a long stretch of air.
A fifth kind is that called Attic, with four angles or more, and sides of equal width.
The decumanus is the crosswise dimension, drawn from east to west, and because it makes the shape of an X, it is called decumanus - a field twice divided in this way makes the figure X of the number ten (decem).
Nome: 142_orpheus_anadiplosis_repetition word_word beginning
Quantidade de documentos: 21
. Anadiplosis (anadiplosis) occurs when a following verse begins with the same word that ended the previous verse, as in this (Vergil, Ecl. 8.55): Certent et cygnis ululae, sit Tityrus Orpheus, Orpheus in silvis, inter delphinas Arion (And let the screech-owls compete with the swans, let Tityrus be Orpheus, an Orpheus in the woods, an Arion among the dolphins).
Epanaphora is the repetition of a word at the beginning of each phrase in a single verse, as (Vergil, Aen. 7.759): Te nemus Anguitiae, vitrea te Focinus unda, te liquidi flevere lacus (For you the forest of Anguitia wept, for you Lake Fucinus with its glassy wave, for you the clear lakes).
Antithesis (antitheton) occurs where opposites are placed against each other and bring beauty to the sentence, as this (Ovid, Met. 1.19): Frigida pugnabant calidis, humentia siccis: mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus (Cold things battled with hot ones, moist with dry, soft with hard, those having weight with the weightless).
Nome: 143_gullet_vermin_rumen_gluttonous
Quantidade de documentos: 21
Vermin (vermis) are animals that are generated for the most part from flesh or wood or some earthy substance, without any sexual congress - but sometimes they are brought forth from eggs, like the scorpion.
There are flesh vermin: the hemicranius, the mawworm, the ascaris, the costus, the louse, the flea, the nit (lens), the tarmus, the tick, the usia, the bed-bug.
In particular, vermin (vermis, here specifically "maggots") are generated in putrid meat, the mothworm in clothing, the cankerworm in vegetables, the wood-worm in wood, and the tarmus in fat.
Nome: 144_mound_wall_city wall_bulwarks
Quantidade de documentos: 21
The royal palace of Cyrus is there, distinguished by its white and variegated stone, with golden columns and paneled ceilings and jewels, even containing a replica of the sky embellished with twinkling stars, and other things beyond human belief.
A 'city wall' (murus, plural muri) is so called from 'defending' (munitio), as if the term were 'to be defended' (muniri, passive infinitive of munire), because it defends and guards the inner parts of the city.
This derives from the Hebrew language and is called cor from its similarity to a mound, for Hebrew speakers call mounds corea - for thirty modii heaped up together look like a mound, and equal the weight that a camel carries.
Nome: 145_mus_fish_mice_mouse
Quantidade de documentos: 21
Muscles (lacertus), otherwise known as 'mice' (mus), because in the individual limbs they take the 'place of the heart' (locus cordis), just as the heart itself is in the center of the whole body, and they are called by the name of the animals they resemble, that lurk under the earth, for muscles (musculus) are so called from their similarity to mice.
because "a mouse is made" (fiat mus)], that is, dung, which commonly is called fertilizer (laetamen) because with its nourishment it makes seeds fertile (laetus) and renders fields rich and fecund.
Isocis is the name of a certain fish from which an isicium (i.e. a kind of stuffing, from insecare, "chop") was originally made, and although it is now made from another kind of fish, at the outset that fish gave it its name.
Nome: 146_passagenumber_tablenumber_epitrite_canontable
Quantidade de documentos: 20
It is even our lot to depend on the discipline of numbers to some extent when through it we name the hours, when we dispute about the course of the months, and when we recognize the duration of the turning year.
Therefore, if you have one of the Gospels open and want to know which of the evangelists say similar things, start with the passage-number lying alongside the text, and then look for that same passage-number in the canon table indicated by the table-number.
So, precisely because they are indicated by their own numbers, you will find in the body of the text of each of the Gospels those places that you have looked for that have said the same things.
Nome: 147_rutulians_relying_shades_sic
Quantidade de documentos: 20
Epizeuxis is a doubling of words with a single sense, as (Vergil, Aen. 4.660): Sic, sic iuvat ire per umbras (Thus, thus it is a joyful thing to go through the shades).
): If Orpheus could summon the spirit of his wife, relying on a Thracian cithara and its melodious strings, as if he meant, relying on a small unimportant object; that is, if he relies on a cithara, I rely on my piety.
10.333): Bring close my weapons; my hand will not hurl any at the Rutulians in vain, weapons which stood in Greek bodies on the Trojan plain.
Nome: 148_spells_magicians_magicians stone_slay
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They agitate the elements, disturb the minds of people, and slay without any drinking of poison, using the violence of spells alone.
The art of physicians condemns these, whether used with incantations, or magical characters, or whatever is hung on or bound to a person.
This stone also provides a most blatant example of the shamelessness of magicians, because they claim that someone carrying an herb blended with a heliotrope, once certain spells have been cast, cannot be seen.
Nome: 149_jurisprudence_human law_law_reason provided
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Indeed if law amounts to reason (ratio), the law will consist of everything that already agrees with reason, provided that it accords with religion, befits orderly conduct, and profits welfare.
A law will be decent, just, enforceable, natural, in keeping with the custom of the country, appropriate to the place and time, needful, useful, and also clear - so that it does not hold anything that can deceive through obscurity - and for no private benefit, but for the common profit (communis utilitas) of the citizens.
The law of nations concerns the occupation of territory, building, fortification, wars, captivities, enslavements, the right of return, treaties of peace, truces, the pledge not to molest embassies, the prohibition of marriages between different races.
Nome: 150_oleum_olive_oil oleum_oil
Quantidade de documentos: 20
The oleomela tree grows in Palmyra, a city in Syria, so called because from its trunk an oil (oleum) flows as thick as honey, with a sweet taste.
A branch of olive grafted on a wild olive changes the potency of its root and converts the tree into its proper character as an olive.
68. 'Olive oil' (oleum) is named from the olive tree (olea), for as I have already said, olea is the tree, from which is derived the word oleum.